The Individual and History in Novels about Turning Eras (G. Sand, I. Turgenev, R.N. Güntekin)

The article aims to interpret symbolic romantic texts of French, Russian, and Turkish authors in a socio-cultural and historical-political context. The novels "Constable," "The Eve of the Revolution," and "The Little Prince-Singing Bird" are considered by the author as literary markers of historical crises, transitions, and cataclysms. The study focuses on the problems of the relationship between the individual and history in critical moments, the psychology of the heroine, her emotions and feelings. The article examines three peak novels about historical shifts, pivotal eras, societal crises, and their impact on the psychology and inner world of the characters. The problem of exceptional personality in the romantic interpretation of George Sand deserves special attention in terms of synthesizing traditions, using images and motifs of enlightenment literature. Special attention is paid to romantic poetics, the system of oppositions, the concept of the ideal, the opposition of the exceptional individual and the crowd. At the same time, the special realism of the image of Consuelo is noted, its connection with the natural origins of existence. The connection of George Sand's creativity with the traditions of Rousseau, Diderot, and Voltaire is traced. The development of ideas of emasculation and free impulses in Turgenev's novel "On the Eve" determines the search for typological parallels. The philosophical richness of the plot, the synthesis of social, contemporary and metaphysical beginnings is noted. In the image of Elena, visuality, perfection, excessive schematization, and ideologism are highlighted. An important component of the genre structure of the novel is the tragic nature that changes the direction of the plot, the priorities of the heroine, and leads to her self-sacrifice. At the beginning of the 20th century, a similar artistic solution to the ideological conflict was proposed by the Turkish writer Reshat Nuri Güntekin in the novel "The Singing Sparrow King." Attention is also focused on the emasculation of the heroine, who is in opposition to the conservative Muslim society, strictly following religious canons and life traditions. The fate of the heroine is analyzed in close connection with historical events, life tragedies, and crises. The comparison of the three novels allows for the detection of comparative-typological parallels, archetypal images and models, and socio-cultural context.