Russia in the Global World

RAR RUS 7-15 Sichuan University Fan Ni 2020226250030@stu.scu.edu.cn A Realist Perspective on the Millennium Challenge Corporation's Aid Objectives in Nepal and Their Achievement In recent years, the US Indo-Pacific Strategy has become the subject of rhetoric and apart from actively involving India in various versions of the cooperation mechanism, foreign aid has also become an important means of US involvement in the region. The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) is one of the leading organizations implementing US foreign aid, billed as helping developing countries to fight poverty and achieve sustainable development. The MCC as a major participant in the Indo-Pacific vision, has been actively engaged in a pact with Nepal to provide assistance. Nepali society fears that acceptance of the agreement will lead it into a debt trap and hijack it as a military and security ally of the US Indo-Pacific strategy. This paper examines the political attributes and interests of the Millennium Challenge Corporation from a realist perspective, and analyses its role and characteristics within the framework of US foreign aid policy in the light of the new direction of the Biden administration's foreign policy. 10.48612/RG/RGW.26.2.1 327.8 Foreign aid Nepal-US relations Nepal United States Realism https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2023.24.1/ Rossiya-v-globalnom-mire_-T_-26_-Vip_-2---2023-7-15.pdf

RAR RUS 16-32 Sankt Petersburg State University Skriabin Oleksii alex.skryabin02@gmail.com Saint-Petersburg State University Skriabina Alyona S. ciel.desy@yandex.ru Development of Russian-Iranian Relations: Current Status and Prospects This article examines the problem and prospects of relations between the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran within the framework of Russia's emerging new position on the world stage science 2022. The relevance is due to the fact that in conditions when Russia finds itself in economic isolation from European and North American countries, the need to increase economic cooperation with Asian powers becomes obvious. One of those countries that can increase contacts in the Russian Federation is the Islamic Republic of Iran, which makes it necessary to analyze the potential of interaction between the two powers. The purpose of this investigation is to identify the potential for economic, political, scientific and technical cooperation, as well as ways and prospects for its development. In the course of the study, the method of factor analysis, historical retrospective analysis was used and special emphasis was placed on the analysis of joint work on projects in various fields of management: military industry, railways, joint trade corridors. The scientific novelty of this study is due to the attempt made to give a comprehensive idea of modern Russian–Iranian relations, which are experiencing a period of recovery as a result of the new emerging world order. The scientific significance of the work is determined by the fact that the data and conclusions available in this article can be used to form an adequate idea of the essence of modern Russian–Iranian relations and predict the development of these relations in the future. Considering various sectors of the economies of the two countries, the potential for activating and increasing cooperation between the two states is analyzed. Considering the modern nature of bilateral relations, forecasts are formulated regarding the potential of future cooperation. Forecasts of the development of relations are formed from the calculation of various scenarios and time periods. 10.48612/rg/RGW.26.2.2 327 Russia Iran international relations economic relations prospects for cooperation https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2023.24.2/ Rossiya-v-globalnom-mire_-T_-26_-Vip_-2---2023-16-32.pdf

UNK RUS 33-47 0000-0002-1244-1036 Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University Ivannikov Nikita ivannikov_ns@spbstu.ru

Saint Petersburg, Russia

SHMONOVA The Role of Think Tanks in Shaping European Policies Think tanks are key players in European politics; they play an important role in shaping public opinion and influencing decision-making by government and political leaders. Think tanks are independent research centers that analyze socio-economic, political and cultural issues. Such organizations conduct research and publish reports and recommendations that help the government and other stakeholders make informed decisions. This article explores the role of such organizations in shaping European policy. The novelty of the study is a comprehensive review of the theoretical approaches to assessing the performance of think tanks, the study itself is based on domestic and foreign studies, as well as sources related to the activities of think tanks. There are many think tanks in Europe that specialize in different areas such as the economy, international relations, security, the environment, etc. Expert communities work both as independent organizations funded by private donors and as part of state institutions. The role of think tanks in European politics is that they provide government and political leaders with independent and objective information that helps them make informed decisions. Expert centers also serve as a bridge between the academic community and political circles, ensuring the exchange of knowledge and experience. Think tanks also play an important role in shaping public opinion. Such organizations conduct research and publish reports that help people better understand complex issues and make informed decisions. These communities also influence the media by providing expert commentary and interviews. Some think tanks have an agenda and are able to influence government and political leaders. Think tanks may advocate for certain policy reforms or oppose certain bills. However, most think tanks try to remain independent and objective. Think tanks also play an important role in international politics. These institutions conduct research and influence decision-making at both the domestic and supranational levels. As the results of the study we can conclude that think tanks play an important role in European politics by providing independent and objective information, shaping public opinion and influencing decision-making. Such organizations are an essential tool for governments and political leaders seeking to make informed and effective decisions. Their activities and the prospects for using their results in the development and implementation of various policy initiatives are assessed. 10.48612/rg/RGW.26.2.3 323.22 think tanks expert groups European Union European policy state https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2023.24.3/ Rossiya-v-globalnom-mire_-T_-26_-Vip_-2---2023-33-47.pdf

RAR RUS 48-64 National Research University Higher School of Economics Popov Dmitrii I. dp04@mail.ru Saint Petersburg State University Novikova Irina N. i.novikova@spbu.ru The Foreign Economic Relations of St. Petersburg and Finland During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Prospects Russian-Finnish cooperation was largely determined by the level of cooperation between the border regions, in which St. Petersburg played a key role. With the aggravation of relations between the Russian Federation and the countries of the European Union, it is interregional ties that are becoming one of the unique opportunities for the development of bilateral cooperation, especially in the economic sphere. However, in addition to these factors, at the turn of 2010-2020, the COVID-19 pandemic became a systemic challenge that both sides had to overcome. According to the authors' hypothesis, the COVID-19 pandemic may limit the cooperation system, but at the same time become an incentive for its improvement. In order to determine the specifics of the St. Petersburg-Finland economic cooperation in 2020-2021, the authors consider how the pandemic affected the level of trade and investment cooperation, as well as contacts of regions’ representatives and the implementation of interregional projects. The sources of the study are statistical data from Federal State Statistics Service of Russia and Finnish Customs, materials of state authorities and mass media. The authors rely on the approaches of neoclassical realists to the study of international relations, applying the concept of interest in the external relations of regions in the federation, as well as the concepts of auxilary and identity paradiplomacy, which from different angles show the role of regions in the country's foreign policy in the continuation of the studies of I. Duchacek and P. Soldatos. As a result of the study, the authors show that the pandemic initially led to a reduction in trade and investment flows between St. Petersburg and Finland, but its negative impact was overcome by the end of 2021, and the online format allowed maintaining interaction in the field of culture and education. Nevertheless, the epidemic highlighted the existing trends of reducing the role of the Finnish direction in the external relations of the city and its reorientation to partners from Asia and CIS countries in accordance with regional interests and systemic constraints. 10.48612/rg/RGW.26.2.4 339.9; 327 Paradiplomacy Russia Regional Interest Trade Foreign direct investment Cross-border cooperation programme “South-East Finland – Russia” “Kotka Days” https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2023.24.4/ Rossiya-v-globalnom-mire_-T_-26_-Vip_-2---2023-48-64.pdf

RAR RUS 65-83 0009-0003-6081-644X Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University Ivanov Pavel S. ivanov2.ps@edu.spbstu.ru 0000-0002-8253-3374 Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University Morkina Marta A. morkina_ma@spbstu.ru Integration of Bosnian Refugees in Sweden The migration policy of the Kingdom of Sweden is aimed at maximizing the integration of newcomers into their society. An example of the successful implementation of the Swedish migration policy is the integration of Bosnians, who fled their country in large numbers due to the armed conflict in Yugoslavia. This paper proves that the steps taken by the Swedish government led to a comprehensive infusion of newcomers into all areas of society. Moving from a policy of temporary admission of Bosnians to a policy of their active integration into the life of Swedish society, the government of the kingdom took a number of measures: the quota for accepting refugees from Yugoslavia was increased, the labor market became available for them, and equal rights and opportunities were provided with the indigenous population. Adaptive measures included the rapid retraining of Bosnians to the standards of Swedish education, support for the new Muslim religion for the country, and the creation of public organizations that control the processes of adaptation and integration of migrants. At the same time, it was found that some mistakes were made in the migration policy of Sweden at that time. Thus, the uncontrolled resettlement of refugees was carried out without considering the needs of local labor markets, some regions of the country were overpopulated by migrants, which affected the unemployment rate. Despite this, the majority of Bosnian refugees successfully adapted and became full members of Swedish society, which is a consequence of giving them the opportunity to choose their own degree of integration in Sweden and innovative integration mechanisms for that time. Based on these results, it was concluded that Sweden's experience in the integration of Bosnian refugees can be considered successful and requires further study. 10.48612/rg/RGW.26.2.5 325.14 Sweden Yugoslav conflict migration policy migrants assimilation https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2023.24.5/ Rossiya-v-globalnom-mire_-T_-26_-Vip_-2---2023-65-83.pdf

RAR RUS 84-96 Belarusian-Russian University Vologina Natalia V. nvshel@mail.ru 6603404917 0000-0002-0095-8986 Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University Pogodin Sergey pogodin_sn@spbstu.ru

Saint Petersburg, Russia

Causes of Intercultural Conflicts and Adaptation Immigrants in Sweden The peculiarities of immigration in Sweden are that immigrants are mainly focused on meeting the needs of the country's labor market. Gradually, Sweden turned from a country of a homogeneous nation into a multicultural country. Social heterogeneity in the country leads not only to the emergence of conflicts on national grounds, but also provokes conflicts caused by "new poverty", which is associated with the deterioration of the socio-economic situation of immigrants. The national issue is directly related to the social one, provoking conflict situations in Swedish society. Many issues remain controversial and require further development by the authorities. The debate on migration issues revealed that the problem of multiculturalism is multifaceted. The end of the twentieth century was due to new approaches in migration policy. The main attention was paid to the existing segregation in such areas as education, employment, housing policy and, in general, the fight against discrimination against immigrants. The authorities saw the solution to these problems in stimulating the independent activity of immigrants and involving them in the social life of Swedish society. The current situation in Sweden has become a serious challenge to their well-being, normal lifestyle, traditional traditions, civic and national dignity. The development of responses to the challenges that have arisen takes place with the utmost care, with the active participation of public opinion. The State, society as a whole and individual citizen determine their activities on the principles of mutual respect, and emerging problems are solved on the basis of compromises. All this contributes to social transformations with less painful consequences. 10.48612/rg/RGW.26.2.6 304.2 Swedish society immigration immigration processes immigration policy adaptation of migrants intercultural conflict https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2023.24.6/ Rossiya-v-globalnom-mire_-T_-26_-Vip_-2---2023-84-96.pdf

RAR RUS 97-123 0000-0002-4778-4346 Sverdlovsk Regional Bar Association Belosludtsev Alexander N. S-andro@yandex.ru 0000-0002-3833-516X Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University Dziuba Elena dzyuba_ev@spbstu.ru

Saint Petersburg, Russia

Relocation as a Socio-Economic and Legal Institution The authors problematize the formation of the socio-economic and legal institution of relocation in Russia. During the research, the following results were obtained: The dynamics of the use of the unit «relocation» in the Russian-language discourse (primarily scientific) from the 1990s up to the present moment is recorded. The emphasis is on the diversity of areas of scholarly knowledge that incorporate the term «relocation» in its basic sense of «transposition» while linguistic and special Russian-language dictionaries published before 2022 do not fix it; a special focus is laid on the widespread usage of the term in the law enforcement practice. It is established that from 2011 to 2022 the application of the word «relocation» is growing rapidly in academic papers; regulatory and law enforcement acts and this process indicates a legally competent inclusion of the unit into the Russian-language discourse. Upon that, the usage of the term is significantly restricted to the spheres of economics, finance, and labor relations. It is noted that behind the word/term «relocation» there is a concept that is extensional in content and scope of the situational component that enables to fix the presence of a socio-economic phenomenon and a separate institution – relocation. The authors point out the factors of the formation of the socio-economic institution of relocation in Russia: migration processes and attraction of workforce from the countries of the former USSR; production optimization and the problem of company towns, which led to the movement of workers, equipment, structural units of enterprises to other regions; development of large businesses: federal retail chains, financial institutions, communications service providers, etc., that moved production processes, structural divisions, and personnel to the regions; localization of production facilities of foreign companies in Russia; growth of international investment in the development of Russian companies; «offshoring» of the Russian economy; development of information technologies; change of generations; pandemic and possibility of remote work; geopolitical factors that are associated with Russia’s desire to form a multipolar world. It is claimed that the socio-economic institution of relocation, like any other institution, functioning of which is ensured by the established, formalized rules, leads to the formation of a special legal institution of relocation. It is also emphasized that the presence of subjects of institutional relations, a clearly expressed goal of relocation processes, a system of specially created supervisory government bodies regulating the process of relocation, a system of rules and mechanisms for the legal regulation of relocation processes is confirmation of the need to recognize the existence of relocation as a socio-economic and legal institution. 10.48612/rg/RGW.26.2.7 325 the term "relocation" institutionality social and legal institutions movement of enterprises capital investments labor resources https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2023.24.7/ Rossiya-v-globalnom-mire_-T_-26_-Vip_-2---2023-97-123.pdf

RAR RUS 124-135 KUTSOBA Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University Kolesnikov Dmitry E. opettaja555@gmail.com The Swedish Language in the Linguistic Exclaves of Finland: Features of Existence and Factors of Preservation Swedish is one of the two national languages in Finland. The main localization of the Swedish language is the southern and western coast of Finland, but the Swedish language minority is found in many other cities in Finland, where the vast majority of the population is Finnish-speaking. The chosen topic of the research is relevant because the current Finnish government under the leadership of Sanna Marin is concerned about the problems of maintaining and developing bilingualism in the country. In turn, the Swedish language islands are an integral part of the Swedish language community in Finland, most strongly influenced by the Finnish language environment. The main purpose of this research is to study the Swedish-speaking environment on the language islands in Finland. The main goal of the research is to study the Swedish-speaking environment on the linguistic islands of Finland. The authors presented a definition of the concept of "Swedish language islands in Finland"; revealed the features of maintaining the Swedish-speaking community on the linguistic islands of Finland; determined the cause of the preservation of the Swedish language in these territories. The main method is the analysis of sociolinguistic data and the synthesis of materials taken from open sources. As a result of the study, it was revealed that in Finnish sociology, linguistic islands are understood as Finnish-speaking municipalities with a small proportion of the Swedish-speaking population. The presence of a Swedish school is a key characteristic for the application of the concept of "language island" in relation to such a municipality. The main problems for the Swedish language community on the language islands are the narrowness of the scope of this language and the underdevelopment of the cultural infrastructure. The existence of a school education system, the activities of local public associations, as well as the growing interest of Finns in the Swedish component of Finnish culture are fundamental factors in the preservation of the Swedish language in these territories. The results of the investigation confirm the cultural significance of the Swedish language in Finland, since supporting the existence of the Swedish language in monolingual Finnish territories is always a conscious activity of representatives of the linguistic community from different backgrounds. 10.48612/RG/RGW.26.2.8 394 Finland Swedes language island language identity linguistic minority bilingualism https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2023.24.8/ Rossiya-v-globalnom-mire_-T_-26_-Vip_-2---2023-124-135.pdf

RAR RUS 136-148 Chengdu Institute of World Affairs Ping Qu 870100179@qq.com South Asia Research Institute of Sichuan University Wang Jianping The Characteristics and Influence of the “Long-Distance Nationalism” on Americans of Indian Origin During the First World War of the 20th century, with the rise of the Indian national independence movement, the American Indian consciousness of “long-distance nationalism” began to awaken. The development of American Indian “long-distance nationalism” has gone through three main stages, and with the continuous expansion of ethnic influence, the nationalist feelings and political practice of ancestral countries are also constantly strengthening, and showing strong elitism color, transnational capital interests’ connection and internal and external mechanism coordination and integration and so on. Under the background of the current “India-Pacific Strategy”, the strengthening of the willingness to cooperate between the United States and India has provided both a cover and an opportunity for the development of “long-distance nationalism” of Indian Americans, and will play a continuous role in American society, US-India relations and even global geopolitics. The “long-distance nationalism” of Indian Americans will further deepen the “common interests” between the United States and India, and this trend will become increasingly prominent with the continuous expansion of Indian influence. 10.48612/rg/RGW.26.2.9 394 Americans of Indian origin distance nationalism immigration politics India United States https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2023.24.9/ Rossiya-v-globalnom-mire_-T_-26_-Vip_-2---2023-136-148.pdf

RAR RUS 149-162 0000-0002-7817-9309 Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University Milkevich Fedor P. milkevich.fp@edu.spbstu.ru History of China’s National Policy on Small Xinjiang Nationalities (1911–1976) Despite the fact that the policy of cultural assimilation has more than once allowed the Chinese government to gradually emerge victorious from internal ethnic conflicts, the same strategy in Xinjiang only leads to an increase in protest sentiments and aggravates the position of the authority of the Chinese government in the region. However, a sufficient number of scientific papers that would systematize the experience of previous conflicts in China have not been found. The purpose of the study is to chronologically structure the most significant issues of Xinjiang region from the beginning of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 to the end of the "cultural revolution" in 1976. The study is based on the analysis of official statistics, program documents of the Communist Party of China and the laws of the People's Republic of China. The study uses the method of comparative analysis and content analysis of official documents, a historiographic review of known points of view on the national question of Xinjiang, the results of modern scientific research by domestic and Western historians. The results of the study show that the main feature of China's policy towards the national problems of Xinjiang is its focus on using previously used methods and maintaining the status quo. Such strategy has historically proved untenable due to the popular discontent that accompanies it. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the findings when arguing the reasons for the low effectiveness of the struggle of the PRC authorities against the development of a local separatist movement and the growth of the country's terrorism index. 10.48612/RG/RGW.26.2.10 323.173 China Xinjiang East Turkestan uighurs Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps national policy https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2023.24.10/ Rossiya-v-globalnom-mire_-T_-26_-Vip_-2---2023-149-162.pdf

RAR RUS 163-174 Shandong Vocational College of Light Industry Xie Shihong 2328276384@qq.com Promoting International Exchange and Cooperation in Vocational Education in the Context of “One Belt, One Road” Since the “Belt and Road” strategy was proposed, Chinese universities have taken measures to strengthen international cooperation and exchange with countries and regions along the “Belt and Road”. The joint construction of “One Belt, One Road” requires not only hard connectivity in terms of economic development and infrastructure construction, but also soft connectivity in terms of cultural cooperation and exchange, talent training and technology exchange. Education is the foundation of national prosperity and the source of national rejuvenation. Especially, higher vocational education, as an important national education undertaking, shoulders a great responsibility to promote international cooperation and exchange. There are now both new opportunities and challenges for international exchange and cooperation in vocational education in China. However, the implementation of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative is aimed at developing new opportunities for higher education and vocational training. Communities need to overcome difficulties, actively implement programs and activities of international relations and cooperation in vocational education in order to achieve better interaction and communication between and within countries. 10.48612/RG/RGW.26.2.11 327.8 economic development talent training educational cooperation technology exchange globalization https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2023.24.11/ Rossiya-v-globalnom-mire_-T_-26_-Vip_-2---2023-163-174.pdf