2304-9472; e-ISSN: 2949-3501 24 2022 1-181

RAR RUS 7-22 0000-0003-0489-8762 St. Petersburg State University Dubasova Polina K. Culture and cultural diplomacy as the main instrument of Italy's "soft power" foreign policy "The term "soft power" is actively used in the foreign policy practice of many countries of the world. Among the European countries that are actively building up the potential of "soft power", Italy is the undisputed leader of cultural diplomacy in the world. The culture of Italy for centuries absorbed the best achievements of the culture of the Mediterranean and the East, combining them with European features. As an average European state, it is actively trying to apply culture as the main element of its foreign policy. The Italian concept of "soft power" was interpreted in its own understanding – "Dolce potere" (soft power). The policy of "soft power" involves the comprehensive development of public and cultural diplomacy, promotion of culture and language of the Italian people. Italy is able to demonstrate an exemplary instance of such diplomacy. The country strives to active formation of international Italian-speaking community, emphasizing the attractiveness of Italy and its brand "Made in Italy". Italy uses cultural diplomacy to promote its own cultural heritage and historical experience in order to obtain certain preferences in international relations. The methodology of Italian cultural diplomacy is identified with the concept of "soft power", which serves to strengthen geopolitical positions, resolve foreign policy tasks of the state, and promotes convergence of views on various aspects of interaction with foreign countries. This work is devoted to the study of Italian cultural diplomacy and its application in practice, the features of "soft power" tools and the identification of the effectiveness of cultural diplomacy in promoting the country's foreign policy vector during the coronavirus pandemic. The need to transfer most of the culture to the institutions of foreign policy and cultural diplomacy is emphasized in order to turn it into a real "soft power" in the conditions of adaptation to the conditions of the country's recovery after the coronavirus pandemic. Thus, the scientific novelty of this work consists in the fact that documents of Italian institutes written in the original were used as a source base, as well as the latest approaches of the Italian Republic to cultural diplomacy and "soft power" in the conditions of coronavirus, previously not investigated in scientific works, were analyzed. 10.48612/rg/RGW.24.1 328 Italy diplomacy international relations culture "soft power" public and cultural diplomacy https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.21.1/ RvGM-24(47)-7-22_DubasovaPK.pdf

RAR RUS 23-36 0000-0003-0774-4785 Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University Kiseleva Aleksandra R. a.kiseleva22222@gmail.com Influence of Chinese historical memory of the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945 on current relations between China and Japan Historical memory of the nation is a set of memories about historical events that passes from generation to generation. For the Chinese people the events of the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945 are of particular significance, just the same as for the Russians is our memory of the Great Patriotic War. Nevertheless, the historical memory of the Chinese people about those events was controlled and changed by the Communist Party. There was even a period when the war was completely forgotten. In this paper, the evolution of the historical memory of the Chinese about the war was studied, so the periods of its changes were identified. These changes affected on the attitude of the Chinese towards the Japanese: by the end of the 1990s, the number of anti-Japanese speeches in China reached a peak, so since 2005 Beijing decided to change its policy. There are a number of studies about the historical memory’s impact on Sino-Japanese relations written by the authors, who conclude that the historical memory effects negatively on the relations between China and Japan. The analysis in this article reveals areas where the influence of historical memory is practically absent. Firstly, these are trade relations between the countries, which are only getting stronger every year. Secondly, even in resolving controversial issues about Senkaku Islands and during the escalation of the Taiwan crisis, China did not appeal to the historical memory of the 1937–1945. Thirdly, some specific provocations of Japan were also sometimes ignored by the Communist Party (the Chinese people, however, pay attention to all of these incidents). Thus, it can be noted that the historical memory is an important aspect to shape the PRC’s policy, but it is not a determining factor in Sino-Japanese relations. 10.48612/RG/RGW.24.2 327 Historical Memory People’s Republic of China Japan Sino-Japanese War Sino-Japanese Relations Shinzo Abe Yasukuni Shrine Japan–China Tarde Taiwan https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.21.2/ RvGM-24(47)-23-36_KiselevaAR.pdf

RAR RUS 37-50 0000-0002-3864-5213 Allyamova Valeria V. European Union foreign policy problems caused by the Covid-19 epidemic The research problem is expressed in the fact that one of the central issues of the "pandemic discourse" as a set of concepts and discussions is the question of how much the modern world will change in the conditions of a modern pandemic and how much it has already changed. The formation and transformation of the political system of government, the formation of various social institutions, culture, art, science, technological progress and the economy are closely related to the interstate alliance, diplomatic relations and military conflicts. In our time, when all countries are closely connected with each other in the economic, political, etc. and other spheres, the problem of ethics is especially relevant in international relations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the trends in international relations that have changed due to the coronavirus pandemic. The pandemic factor provoked an acceleration of confrontation between regional and global players and strengthened the role of the institution of the nation state. Speaking about the policy of the European Union, it is obvious that they, like other states, took the “hit” of the pandemic. The international crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a wave of predictions regarding the establishment of a new world order. At the same time, there is the fact that the member countries of the Union were not ready for such a scale of the epidemic, which led to destabilization in the economic, social, political and other spheres of society. First of all, this affected the foreign policy of the European Union, as there was a revision of values and directions in which all allied states should move. It also caused an internal split between the participating countries in matters of vision of the future direction of foreign policy. The situation was also aggravated by the exit of the UK from the European Union. Analyzing the data of the summer economic forecast of the European Commission, the crisis affected 4% of global GDP, with the EU GDP shrinking by 8.3%, and the GDP of the euro area countries by 8.7%, which also affects the change in the vector of the European Union's foreign policy. The theoretical and practical significance of the study is due to the fact that the study of the problems that have arisen in the foreign policy of the European Union in connection with the coronavirus pandemic will inevitably affect not only the participating countries, but also other states that actively interact with the EU. In this regard, the study of these problems will contribute to the possibility of building a new policy by other states in relation to the European Union. 10.48612/RG/RGW.24.3 327 pandemic international relations crisis trends European Union https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.21.3/ RvGM-24(47)-37-50_AllyamovaVV.pdf

RAR RUS 51-67 0000-0002-7401-7118 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Kalinina Victoria Yu. Technical cooperation as domain of strategic interaction between Russia and China at the present stage: realities and prospects Relations between Russia and China in the field of technical cooperation in the 21st century are in the nature of a strategic partnership. The article offers an analysis of the content, features and political consequences of the joint strategic interaction of both countries in the technical field since 2001 to 2021. The paper is devoted to the study and theoretical analysis of literature published in periodicals, collections, and monographic studies, dissertations of foreign and Russian authors in Russian, English and Chinese. Chinese and Russian researchers emphasize the great importance and significance of joint technical cooperation as one of the most important factors that plays a significant role in strengthening trust, good neighborly, partnership relations between countries. If we turn to English-language sources that analyze the problem of rapprochement between Russia and China in the military-technical field, many authors adhere to the point of view that there is a threat to Europe in the form of a shift in the vector of world domination towards the emerging alliance of the two strongest powers. Particular attention is based on the study of the place and role of Russia and China in the framework of joint technical cooperation. The study revealed the priority of the military aspect as the most important area for the implementation of technical cooperation between countries, which reflects both the economic and political interests of the two great powers and ensures regional security. Aspects and features of conducting joint military exercises since the beginning of the 21st century are highlighted, an assessment of the future development and possible dynamics of relations is proposed. The factors due to which Russia influences the technical and military-strategic potential of the PRC are analyzed. The significance of the study is revealed through the context of global and regional security, which may depend on the policies of countries and the chosen vector of relationships. 10.48612/rg/RGW.24.4 93/94 China Russia technical cooperation military-technical cooperation strategic partnership https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.21.4/ RvGM-24(47)-51-67_KalininaVYu.pdf

RAR RUS 68-83 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-0185 Nechai Aleksandra alimova_aa@spbstu.ru Relations between The Soviet Union and China in the 1980s In the 21st century, the interaction between the two largest actors in contemporary international relations – Russia and China – is characterized by a wide range of areas of cooperation, including contacts at the highest level, strategic partnership, and joint participation in large-scale international and regional organizations such as BRICS and the SCO. However, the history of Russian-Chinese relations and, in historical retrospect, of Soviet-Chinese relations has been characterized by both cooperation and confrontation in different historical periods. Of particular interest is the normalization of Soviet-Chinese relations in the 1980s after the diplomatic conflict that began in the late 1950s. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that the normalization of Soviet-Chinese relations had an important impact not only on the fate of the two countries, the Soviet Union and the PRC, but also determined the outcome of the Cold War. An analysis of the prerequisites for the normalization of Soviet-Chinese relations in the 1980s, the process itself, and the main problems encountered by the two states on this way represent the focus of the proposed publication. The study identifies the turning points of history in the restoration of Sino-Soviet relations. A special place is given to the meeting held on May 18, 1989 in Beijing, which was attended by the heads of both countries: Mikhail Gorbachev and Deng Xiaoping. As a result, a "Joint Sino-Soviet Communiqué" appeared, the main ideas of which are presented and analyzed in the publication. This study details the genesis of the "three obstacles" concept put forward by Deng Xiaoping: Vietnam's withdrawal from Cambodia, Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the reduction of the Soviet military presence on China's northern borders. These "three obstacles" have long prevented the normalization of relations between Moscow and Beijing. For a better understanding of the course of events, the author has studied and presented the memories of eyewitnesses: Deputy Foreign Minister (from 1988 – Minister of Foreign Affairs) Qian Qicheng, as well as the famous Chinese diplomat Li Jingxiang. The turnaround in Soviet-Chinese relations and the rapprochement between the two countries was primarily dictated by mutual political and economic benefits: the conflict between China and the United States over military aid to Taiwan, the arms race imposed by the United States on the Soviet Union, China's interest in modernizing Chinese industry by specialists from our country, and mutually beneficial trade relations between the two states. In addition, it is concluded that the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, which henceforth should guide both countries in their foreign policy activities allowed them to concentrate on solving domestic tasks and building up social and economic potential. 10.48612/RG/RG.RGW.24.5 327 (470+510) Soviet Union China Taiwan United States Cold War Soviet-Chinese Communiqué Soviet-Chinese negotiations normalization of relations https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.21.5/ RvGM-24(47)-68-83_NechayAA.pdf

RAR RUS 84-103 0000-0003-1109-4180 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Guo Shanshan China's cultural interaction with the countries of the "One Belt, One Road" initiative The influence of China's cultural policy in the framework of the One Belt, One Road initiative covers interaction with various Asian states. The study proposes an analysis of materials, identifying the specifics of China's interaction with other countries in the Asia-Pacific region. As a result, it was found cultural cooperation between India and China is the most difficult for the development of relations between the countries. It has a low efficiency of the cultural policy of the PRC carried out in India. China's relations with the countries of Southeast Asia are in a better state compared to India, however, there are some points concerning territorial disputes in the South China Sea. The educational exchange between China and Mongolia is characterized as very close and has great potential for development. China and Kazakhstan advocate for media cooperation, support academic exchanges between scientific personnel of the two countries, participate in the joint creation of literary works, film and television content, in the field of translation, develop exchanges between representatives of literature and the arts, strengthen cooperation in the humanities, education, healthcare, sports, youth exchange and tourism. Since 2014, relations between China and Russia have begun to reach a new level. The popularity of the Chinese language is steadily growing in Russia. 2020 and 2021 were proclaimed the Years of Scientific, Technical and Innovative Cooperation between the two countries. When conducting and achieving results in its foreign cultural policy, the PRC modifies the policy towards states depending on the presence of factors of convergence and distance. 10.48612/rg/RGW.24.6 327 People's Republic of China diplomacy international relations culture soft power «One Belt One Road» Initiative https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.21.6/ RvGM-24(47)-84-103_GoShanshan.pdf

RAR RUS 104-114 0000-0002-5342-8495 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Cui Long luntsui@yandex.ru The history of Chinese–Russian relations’ development since 1990s The article deals with the challenges that the Chinese-Russian relations have faced recently. Over the past 30 years, the partnership between China and Russia has continued to develop steadily and got stronger progressively under the joint governance and initiative of both states’ leaders. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to reveal and evaluate the current economic situation and the prospects for economic and trade relations between China and Russia by analyzing four economic stages. In order to achieve the goal, the following tasks have been set: - to discuss Chinese-Russian historical regional cooperation; - to compare the four stages of cooperation history; - to analyze the present situation, the problems and obstacles that arose and their solutions. The relevance of the topic is connected with the Sino-Russian economic and trade cooperation development, which is gaining peace nowadays. The author discusses both the history of Sino-Russian relations’ development and the problems that have appeared since 1992. The conclusion has been drawn that the trade relationship with Russian companies is to be promoted steadily and progressively. However, the foreign trade companies of China should not only cooperate with Russian foreign enterprises in order to strengthen the concept of cooperation, but also improve the image of Russian business in China. Furthermore, it is important to strengthen the awareness of both quality and law. The states should pay greater attention to the process of the in-depth implementation of the Asian-Pacific Economic development strategy. 10.48612/RG/RGW.24.7 327 China Russia Sino-Russian history trade and economic cooperation economy WTO https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.21.7/ RvGM-24(47)-104-114_TsuyLun.pdf

RAR RUS 115-127 0000-0002-2562-5897 Lagoyko Anastasia G. Tourism development in South Karelia Finland in the first half of 2010s The development of tourism in peripheral and border areas is a driver of regional development, and the case of South Karelia is an outstanding example of this phenomenon due to the impact of the Russian tourist flow on the economy and development of the region. Since the 90s of the twentieth century, cross-border tourism has developed most intensively between the countries. The highest period of its development falls on the tenth years of the twenty-first century. The interest of the residents of South Karelia in tourists from Russia has always been high and positive. Russian tourists choose South Karelia as an attractive region due to transport accessibility, well-developed infrastructure, and a rich assortment of quality goods at affordable prices. However, the interest of Russians in the neighboring country is not limited to short-term visits. The region of South Karelia attracted Russian tourists with the undeniable advantages of owning property for recreation in Finland, such as environmentally friendly untouched nature, developed infrastructure, security, but at the same time, territorial proximity to the North-Western regions of Russia. The data confirm that Russians owned up to 5% of real estate in the border regions. The defining criteria for the competitiveness of the country, and South Karelia in particular, are a combination of security, respect for human rights and freedoms, the availability of developed infrastructure, and ample opportunities for leisure activities, which is confirmed by the results of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index report. Due to the geopolitical events of 2014, there has been a decline in Russian tourist activity. The case of South Karelia was investigated using the analysis of statistical and analytical data. On the basis of English and Finnish language sources, the reasons for the cross-border mobility of Russian tourists were identified. With the help of content analysis, objects of tourist interest in the territory of South Karelia of Finland were considered. Based on the results of the assessment of statistical data from the Ministry of Economic Development and Employment of Finland, the dependence of the number of border crossings and overnight stays and, consequently, the volume of financial spending by domestic tourists on political and operational factors was proved. As a result, understanding this dependence and differentiation of tourist flows will allow the region to be less dependent on the geopolitical situation. 10.48612/rg/RGW.24.8 338.48:379.85 tourism tourism development Russian-Finnish relations Finland South Karelia Russia border region regional development https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.21.8/ RvGM-24(47)-115-127_LagoykoAG.pdf

RAR RUS 128-144 0000-0001-6468-5545 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Wang Li Soviet historiography of socialist transformations of Leninist cooperative plan in Uzbekistan (historical literature of the 1930–50s) Soviet historical science has paid great attention to the study of socialist transformations in agriculture in Uzbekistan and Lenin's cooperative plan. In modern science, there is a need for a critical assessment of historiographic materials and an analysis of the historical significance of changes. The first historical works appeared in the 1930s, they were written on the basis of the achievements of the Marxist-Leninist methodology and the achievements of Soviet historical thought, on the basis of the development of Lenin's ideological and theoretical heritage. In the fundamental works of Soviet historians, the main directions of the agrarian policy of the Soviet government were given and analyzed: measures to implement the Lenin Decree on land, the organization of class unions of the poor, land and water reforms, collectivization, collective farm construction, etc. Publications were of great importance, in them, on the basis of a large factual material accumulated by Soviet historical science, a picture of socialist construction and agrarian transformations in Uzbekistan was created. In the early 1950s, works were published on agrarian transformations during the NEP’s period, on the food tax, its social essence, aimed at creating material conditions for the rise of the economy of the poorest peasantry: providing them with a monetary loan, organized seed supply, provision of agricultural machinery, etc. In the second half of the 1950s, the study of agriculture in Uzbekistan in the years of the Great Patriotic War. The study of Soviet historical literature is of great importance for modern Russian historiography and Uzbekistan’s history. From a theoretical point of view, it reveals the Marxist-Leninist approach to historical science as a dominant, from a practical point of view it shows a one-sided vision of the "successes" of socialist agriculture. Modern studies examine objective and subjective factors that influenced the development of historical science. 10.48612/rg/RGW.24.9 930 historical science soviet historiography Uzbekistan socialist transformation cooperative plan village agriculture cotton https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.21.9/ RvGM-24(47)-128-144_VanLi.pdf

RAR RUS 145-166 0000-0003-3410-3430 Northeastern State University Ponkratova Irina ponkratova1@yandex.ru

Magadan, Russia

0000-0002-1487-9680 Northeastern State University Beregovykh Anatoly V. The population of the city Gizhiginsk in the XIX – early XX centuries (based on the reconstruction of the genealogy of the Bragin´s family) The development of the far northern suburbs in the XVII–XVIII centuries was associated with the activities of not only Cossacks, but also merchants. Their task was to establish trade relations with the local population in the territories annexed to Russia. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the interest in the history of the population of the first city of the Magadan region – Gizhiginsk. Excavations there were started by the Gizhiga archaeological expedition in 2020. The purpose of this study is to reconstruct the genealogy of the most influential merchant family of the Bragins in Gizhiginsk, whose individual burials were discovered in the city cemetery. The tasks of collecting materials were solved in the State Archive of the Magadan region, in the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East; a survey of the population was conducted. The study uses the analysis of archaeological, archival and historical sources and the genealogical method. As a result, two genealogical lines of the Bragin’s family were identified and kinship ties were revealed between family members who lived in Gizhiginsk in the late XIX – early XX centuries with their modern descendants. It is established that the main sphere of activity of the Bragins was trade; gold searches took place. The Bragins held senior positions – for many years Vasily Prokopyevich Bragin (1827–09.06.1900) was the head of Gizhiginsk; they headed the Komsomol organization, took an active part in the work of the rural revolutionary Committee during the Soviet period. The tragic events of the beginning of the XX century – epidemics and repressions took away more than 30 representatives of this family. The study of the materials showed that the Bragins helped those who found themselves in a difficult situation, adopted and raised orphans, donated money for medical and sanitary services of the city, the construction of public houses. Intelligence, energy and prudence were a feature of almost all representatives of the Bragin’s family. The obtained conclusions about the population of Gizhiginsk can contribute to the expansion of the database on the history of the development of the northern outskirts of Russia and, possibly, change the stereotypes adopted in Soviet times associated with the «predatory policy of merchants» towards the local population. 10.48612/rg/RGW.24.10 929.52 XIX – early XX centuries the North of the Russian Far East merchants Gizhiginsk Bragin’s family https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.21.10/ RvGM-24(47)-145-166_PonkratovaIYu-BeregovihAV.pdf

RAR RUS 167-176 RIABOVA Professional ethics in Russian contemporary higher education The article discusses the sets of skills necessary for a teacher working in an innovative, changing environment. Ethical leadership is the cornerstone of a socially responsible organization, knowledge in the field of ethics and morality is relevant for Russian higher education workers in the context of global changes. In countries where the rivalry of universities in their quest for popularity has a negative impact on the development of moral principles, and education is an exclusively paid service, the process of creating generally accepted values slows down. Hence, teachers as ethical leaders face a moral dilemma: whether to follow all laws, rules, values, and beliefs or to purposefully disobey some of these. The purpose of the article is to reveal the problems of ethical leadership and analyze higher education as “soft power”. In Russian higher educational institutions, the concept of professional ethics is regarded to be of utmost significance in achieving the desired goals and objectives. The study examines innovations and changes in higher education; identifies common challenges for all cultures; examines the ethics of higher education, which is the core of motivational activity of leaders and the importance of leadership; shows the moral problems that organizations need to solve in order to meet high academic standards. The relevance of the creation of professional ethics and the importance of common values, the importance of leadership are emphasized, measures for the improvement and successful implementation of ethical reforms in the Russian community as “soft power” in the context of higher education development are shown. 10.48612/RG/RGW.24.11 378 Russian higher education ethical values professional ethics standards of behavior soft power leadership https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.21.11/ RvGM-24(47)-167-176_RyabovaAL.pdf