Russia in the Global World

RAR RUS 11-23 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9459-7888 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Petrova Ksenia The phenomenon of "color revolutions" on the example of Hong Kong The modern world has entered the era of globalization, but it should be noted that the more the world merges into one big coalition, the more differences and discrepancies in various legislative acts are visible. In order to compensate for legal loopholes in the absence of agreements on the "extradition of fugitive criminals" between Hong Kong and mainland China, Macau and Taiwan, in February 2019, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region proposed amendments to the Fugitive Criminals Ordinance. This step subsequently caused a great discussion in Hong Kong society and gave rise to a number of social opposition movements, which were analyzed in the context of the "color revolutions". As a result, the movement against the amendment turned into a social revolt, which hit the socio-political essence of the state concept of "One country, two systems" by the conspiracy of anti-communist and anti-Chinese forces in Hong Kong and beyond. The incident with the amendments eventually resulted in rallies and protests, the root cause of which is the unresolved two main contradictions in Hong Kong society: the first one is the contradiction of ideological confrontation in the sense of "one country, two systems", and the second one is connected with the inequality of social distribution between the rich and the poor, which exacerbated the conflict. The article examines the prerequisites of the conflict, the development of protests from the technical side and the ways of their regulation by the Chinese government, which occurred in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in 2019–2020. Special attention is paid to the distinctive features of the protests. The purpose of this article is to analyze and characterize the events in Hong Kong in 2019–2020. The tasks of this article are to define the concept of "color revolution», to reveal its difference from spontaneous movements and to discuss the reasons of the revolution. The author analyzed the events and discussed them in the context of the established social order. The methods of comparative and retrospective analysis were used in the study. In the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the events in Hong Kong are an attempt to change power using the technologies of the "color revolution". This conclusion is confirmed by the following factors: support by foreign media, street politics, demands for the resignation of the legitimate government, pro-democratic slogans of the protesters. In the context of the concept of "One country, two systems", China needs to make attempts to form more flexible legal acts regulating relations between Hong Kong and mainland China, preventing the risks of its national security. The significance of the study lies in the generalization of existing knowledge about the "color revolutions" and the formation of an incentive to continue the search for common characteristics of such protests. 10.48612/rg/RGW.23.1 323.272 China government demonstrations street politics amendments national security https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.20.1/ RvGM-23(46)-11-23-PetrovaKS.pdf

RAR RUS 24-40 0000-0002-4160-0833 BYKOV The evolution of Swedish migration legislation The article discusses the main trends in the evolution of Swedish migration legislation. Over several decades, the Swedish Kingdom has become a heterogeneous society. This was due to the economic and social transformations that took place in the country during that period. The main source reflecting the transformation of different spheres of society is legislation. It is possible to identify the basic needs of Swedish society at different stages of development and understand the further dynamics by analyzing the legislative process. During the migration legislation evolution analysis, two stages of its formation were identified: the stage of diversity and the stage of restriction. It was revealed that migrants and refugees from Muslim countries were the determining factor in the adoption and change of the regulatory framework. The first stage lasted from the 1950s to the 1980s. During this period, the formation of a migration base took place, which at the same time had to regulate and control flows, but at the same time stimulate them. This policy was associated with the increased economic needs of the society. During this period, the first associations of migrants began to form. The second stage lasts from the 1980s to 2015. During that period, there were attempts to tighten the migration base and attempts to create an effective integration policy. This was caused by the international conflicts, and as a result there was the increase in the number of refugees. The Swedish Kingdom joined the European Union, which became an important stage in the evolution of migration legislation. An increase in the number of refugees, especially from Muslim countries, occurred in 2015, due to a number of conflicts taking place in the world. Since 2015 the Sweden’s policy has changed dramatically. The country has moved away from its "open door" tactics and the status of a "humanitarian superpower" towards the policy of stricter legislation. Since 2016, we can talk about a new stage in the formation of migration policy, which has been based on the desire to preserve the "welfare society". At the same time, the Swedish Kingdom is not going to refuse the refugees and migrants’ reception, the legislation has only been tightened towards effective integration and limited migration. The following methodology was used in the work: content analysis, statistical method and comparative historical analysis. 10.48612/rg/RGW.23.2 325.14 Sweden Home for the people migration policy integration regulations international legal acts migration crisis https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.20.2/ RvGM-23(46)-24-40-BikovDA.pdf

RAR RUS 41-52 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Dodonov Egor Regulatory and legal aspects of international recognition of new States The article examines the regulatory aspect of the new states’ recognition issue in the XXI century, which is important for the international community. The procedure of international recognition is not unified, which causes disputes and conflicts. The author attempts to develop a universal recognition algorithm based on the international recognition of the newly independent states analysis. The work used hypothetical and systematic methods, the method of expert assessments. Based on the degree of the state recognition by other members of the international community, the author identifies a classification of states. The presented article compares the constitutive and declarative theories of international recognition. According to the results of the study, it can be stated that the states can be divided into three groups based on the policy of recognition of other actors. During the analysis, 3 types of recognition of a new state were identified, which were used depending on the situation and the desire of the recognizing state. The article lists the actions to prevent the escalation of the conflict in the territories with strong separatist sentiments. The special measures are proposed to formalize and unify the process of the new states recognizing, since the conflicts usually arise due to the lack of common rules that all international actors could follow. The practical significance of the article lies in the possibility of using the universal algorithm of international recognition in reality. 10.48612/rg/RGW.23.3 328 declarative theory constitutive theory territorial integrity right to self-determination “de-facto states” https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.20.3/ RvGM-23(46)-41-52-DodonovES.pdf

RAR RUS 53-68 0000-0002-7521-5386 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Fu Q-7224-2016 6508050731 0000-0003-4103-7785 Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University Lbova lbovapnr5@gmail.com

Russia, 195251, St.Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29

Contemporary politics of the Сhina’s government in the adjustment of ethno-confessional conflicts in the Xinjiang-Uyghur autonomic region China is one of the largest multinational countries in the world, in which the solution of ethno-confessional problems, remains relevant as well as for any other multiethnic state. The ethnic conflict in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is quite acute for all. The development of theoretical approaches, the actual practice of the PRC government programs’ implementation deserves a special assessment. The peculiarities of the cultural and historical development of the peoples, who live in the autonomous territories were paid attention to and discussed by the authors. The question of changing official Beijing 's policy at present time towards national minorities is at the center of attention of the proposed study. In response to the development of ethnic groups in Xinjiang, the Chinese government has formulated a work program from various perspectives. The government focuses on the promotion of education and the growth of economy. The study is based on the analysis of the Chinese government’ state programs, their practical implementation. The authors presented the survey of the multi-ethnic Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region’ representatives. The poll shows that the population as a whole assesses the government's actions positively, but there are also critical sentiments. The authors assume that the ethnic policy of the "second generation" is aimed at reducing national differences and integrating ethnic groups into a single society of fellow citizens of China. The changes and new trends in the national policy of the Communist Party of China, and the ways of interethnic relations management in the context of Chinese politics are shown in the article. 10.48612/rg/RGW.23.4 323.11 national policy ethnic groups autonomy state program social and economic development mechanisms China https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.20.4/ RvGM-23(46)-53-68-Fu_Lintsi-LbovaLV.pdf

RAR RUS 69-81 0000-0002-9507-6416 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Akhmadbaev Partnership between Russia and China in the environmental sphere The factual basis of the publication is the analysis of the relationship between the Russian Federation (RF) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) in environmental protection and interstate cooperation in environmental reforms. Environmental issues have become one of the top agenda items, since after several qualitative civilizational leaps in the history of mankind; the world community has faced problems in protecting the environment and realized the role of minimizing human impact on nature. The most successful and effective way targeted at successful communication and implementation of the initiatives achieved during the discussions is the interstate policy, where countries seek to protect the environment through interaction within the UN and its institutions, international and regional organizations for the protection of the environment and ecology, as well as private programs and NGOs in the sphere of ecology and nature protection activity. Thanks to the discussion and elaboration of environmental problems, the countries have signed various international agreements and conventions aimed at protecting nature and curbing rapid environmental pollution in the most problematic regions of our planet. The several methodologies were used, such as comparison, analysis and processing of statistical data. The purpose of the publication is to analyze the legislative framework in the field of ecology, as well as to determine the role of the states’ collaboration in protecting the environment within the framework of the main regulatory documents of Russia and China, the special attention is paid to the legislative framework in the matters of ecology and environmental safety. The practical significance of the work is due to the fact that the conclusions and results obtained during the analysis can be useful for further modeling the strategic partnership between the Russian Federation and the PRC, not only in the field of ecology and environmental issues, but also in the economy, global and regional security and the development of strategic programs under cross-border cooperation. 10.48612/rg/RGW.23.5 341.1/8 ecology environmental diplomacy environment international relations climate cooperation https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.20.5/ RvGM-23(46)-69-81-AhmadbaevAM.pdf

RAR RUS 82-95 0000-0001-8789-9802 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Kondratskaya Cooperation between China and ASEAN countries in the field of education (2000–2020) At the present stage of development, ASEAN countries are countries with rapidly developing economies, the countries have great human resources and cultural potential, as well as an ancient and rich history, which has close ties with China. The countries of the Asia-Pacific region are the objects of geopolitical and economic attention from the United States, China, Japan, India, and Australia. The environmental issues have become one of the main issues on the agenda, since after several qualitative civilization leaps in the history of mankind; the world community has faced problems in protecting the environment and realized the role of minimizing human impact on nature. Recently, China has been developing dynamically the cooperation with the ASEAN countries and the Southeast Asian region in many areas, including the actively developing field of education, and therefore this area is of particular interest for research. Within the framework of this problem, the article considered the history of the cooperation between the People's Republic of China and the ASEAN countries, as well as the collaboration between the regions in the field of education at the present stage. This study was conducted on the basis of various statistical materials, the texts of the speeches given by the state’s official representatives, the historical materials focused on the relationship between regions, as well as on the basis of articles and references to Internet sources’ analysis. The study examined the activities carried out between the PRC and ASEAN in the framework of the collaborative development in the education sector, considered the role of the Chinese diaspora in improving relations between the regions, and established a trend towards further development of relations in the field of education between the PRC and ASEAN countries due to the increase in demand for education in Chinese in Southeast Asia, revealed the cooperation between Chinese and the regional educational institutions. In addition, the desire on the part of the ASEAN countries and the PRC to increase the number of student exchanges between states was revealed. The practical significance of the work is due to the possibility of using the formulated theses for further study of the possibilities of educational cooperation between the ASEAN countries and China. 10.48612/rg/RGW.23.6 327.7 education international students soft power relationship development students exchange https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.20.6/ RvGM-23(46)-82-95-KondratskayaNV.pdf

RAR RUS 96-108 0000-0001-8136-4946 Koptev Antoniy A. Orthodoxy in China: Interfaith Relations between Russia and China at the History and Present times The need to study confessional problems in China is due to the abundance of religious movements that exist in this country. Only five religions are recognized at the state level, but this list does not include Orthodoxy, which in the territory of the People's Republic of China has become one of the "local" religions, which creates an objective for scientific study of this issue. This is especially relevant in modern conditions, when, against the background of unstable geopolitical relations, Russia and China are seeking to finding new forms of interaction with each other. In this regard, Orthodoxy can become an additional link between two powerful countries, so the focus of the study is linked with the interfaith ties between Russia and China at the present stage, as well as historical discourse and the development of Orthodox traditions in China. As a result, a periodization of the implementation of interfaith relations between Russia and China has been developed; the proposals for their deepening and their intensification have been formulated. The novelty of the results obtained is connected with the formation of a scientific approach to the genesis of the formation of interfaith relations between the two countries, as well as the formulated recommendations that are relevant in modern geopolitical conditions. The significance of the research in the theoretical aspect is the possibility of using the materials obtained in the educational process when studying the course of religious studies, both in Russia and in China. The practical significance of the work is due to the possibility of using the formulated recommendations to improve interfaith relations between Russia and China. 10.48612/rg/RGW.23.7 322 Orthodox missions interstate relations China Manchuria Russia https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.20.7/ RvGM-23(46)-96-108-KoptevAA.pdf

RAR RUS 109-122 0000-0001-9459-7888 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Bergoev Features of the Chinese language change under the influence of the political discourse of social media The social media is the primary source of news and information related to politics. The social media is considered to be the leading platform for people to interact and exchange opinions and views aimed at the evaluation of events that take place in the country and the world. The relevance of this work is explained by the increasing role of social media in our world, by the growing impact of various political organizations that seek to increase their presence in the internet. The opportunities that have appeared for citizens to conduct activities based on independent journalism also have created the basis for the emergence of direct interactions between the two main actors of this communication process. Consequently, the study of various aspects related to the peculiarities of language, and created under the influence of discourses is a critical issue. This study aims to develop a concept that emphasizes the characteristic changes of Chinese language while reflecting their ideological and semantic components. Within the framework of this research, one of the objectives is to determine the specifics of social media as the main platform for discussing political news and events’ formation. The features of Chinese language are also highlighted, allowing the language to transform primarily due to the impact of various circumstances. In addition, the characteristic features of political metaphors, terminology, and Internet lexicon in the framework of social media highlighted in the concept are considered. The research uses the methods of descriptive discourse analysis, due to which various aspects of language are considered and studied from the point of psycholinguistics. Moreover, the political metaphors highlighted in this study are reviewed. On the other hand, M. M. Bakhtin's theory was applied, due to which it was possible to determine the basis on which the interaction between the participants of the communication process was built, as well as how those relations influenced the language. As a result of the study, it is possible to determine that social media is the primary source of information due to its accessibility and openness since participants in the communication process can show their desire for dialogism in the simplest way. It was also revealed that due to various factors of interaction between political structures and users of social media, the Chinese language got transformed and changed due to its morphological, phonetic and grammatical features. The characteristics and semantic goals of these transformations in the language were considered, which, as it was found out, manifested themselves as the main tool that allowed communicators to show their desire for discourse exchange. Due to the obtained conclusions, a concept-scheme was developed that reflected the ideological and semantic component of the changes in the Chinese language in the conditions of the social media space. The language is subject to natural and artificial changes, as it is influenced by various external factors such as censorship and the desire of people to share their opinions and views. 10.48612/rg/RGW.23.8 32 we-media descriptive discourse analysis Chinese language internet lexicon political metaphor https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.20.8/ RvGM-23(46)-109-122-BergoevDD.pdf

UNK RUS 123-130 0000-0002-8848-4366 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Reneva Evgeniia A. Modern museum practices in the protection of historical and cultural heritage in Finland An overview of the fundamental activities for the identification, conservation and promotion of objects of historical and cultural heritage located in Finland and some ways to implement them are discussed in this publication. Finland ratified the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Cultural Heritage in 1987 to protect and promote its cultural heritage. Although the implementation of the Agreement is the responsibility of the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture, the responsibility for implementation rests with the Finnish National Antiquities Committee. According to the UNESCO Convention, Finland must slow down the process of aging and performance of building structures, restore the artistic image of the ancestors and preserve the value of cultural heritage. These activities must fully comply with legal requirements. The article provides examples of historical and cultural heritage protection in the format of museum practices in Finland, for example, the allocation of grants for the museums’ promotion in the form of creating online exhibitions in the city of Turku. The problem in question has so far been little studied in the Russian scientific literature and requires further research, which indicates the relevance of the problem under study. The article may be useful for he the students and teachers to get prepared for the practical and lecture classes targeted at cultural studies, and regional studies of Nordic countries. 10.48612/rg/RGW.23.9 745/749 Finland cultural heritage protection UNESCO cultural studies Northern Europe https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.20.9/ RvGM-23(46)-123-130-RenyovaEA.pdf

RAR RUS 131-141 0000-0002-5342-8495 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Cui Long luntsui@yandex.ru Russian architecture in Harbin The history of the creation and operation of the Sino-Eastern Railway is of great scientific interest. An important element of its influence was the uniqueness and grandiosity of the large-scale impact of the highway on the development of cities and infrastructure along the railway. Harbin is a classic example of such influence. The development of this city as a large urban settlement, which includes a peculiar layout with the elements of traditional Russian architecture, is a peculiar and unique phenomenon. It is necessary to investigate how Harbin developed in the first years of its existence, what the uniqueness of this city was, and to discuss the influence of Russian architecture on its emergence. There is a concept of "Russian Harbin" – this concept includes the initial historical period in the formation of the city. At that time, Harbin was dominated by a predominantly Russian population; the city was built by the architects and engineers from Russia. The traditions of Russian architecture have manifested themselves both in civil buildings and in the construction of Orthodox churches. All these buildings built by Russian architects have got great historical and cultural value. They influenced the development of urban planning in the city. The buildings constructed in the Russian architectural style in Harbin continue to exist, creating a kind of architectural landscape of the city. The article aims to analyze the process of urban development in Harbin, as well as to reveal the specifics of the city’s construction in the traditional Russian style. 10.48612/rg/RGW.23.10 72.03 China Russia Harbin china-eastern railway influence Russian architecture urban landscape https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.20.10/ RvGM-23(46)-131-141-Tsuy_Lun.pdf

BRV RUS 142-152 57224722416 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Kuznetsov Dmitry I. The digital age and new approaches to global security The article discusses the new approaches and understanding of hybrid wars, how in the era of the digital revolution a completely new meaning genesis is rapidly being formed and global security is being transformed. The analysis of global risk management, including mental, cognitive and emotional human activity was made using the example of the new monograph "Asphotronics: on the way to the theory of global security" written by Professor I.F. Kefeli. The problem of the loss of social life meaning in the modern world and the evolution of man in the process of forming global security are considered, as well as the problem of how information wars and propaganda affect the lifestyle of modern society. The analysis of asphotronics as a new scientific direction in globalistics is given, the subject of which is global security, covering all spheres of human activity and, above all, the war of meanings, where global security covers the whole variety of functions and structures for ensuring self-development, stability, reliability, security of the existence of bio-, socio- , cogno- and techno-spheres. 10.48612/rg/RGW.23.11 327 hybrid war digital revolution global security asphotronics service man anthropocene social being https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2022.20.11/ RvGM-23(46)-142-152-KuznetsovDI.pdf