2304-9472; e-ISSN: 2949-3501 10 2017 1-583

UNK RUS 9-15 KROPP WHEN THE USA BECAME AN ARCTIC COUNTRY: THE PURCHASE OF ALASKA IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN NEWSPAPER This article is devoted to the reactions of American press on the purchasing of Alaska. The USA was always an expansionist state and because had interest in the acquisition of new territories in the North America especially. When the United States bought Alaska in 1867 from the Russian Empire and became a neighboring state of the Arctic, the reactions were manifold both in politics and public. The old name “Russian America” was replaced by new one – “Alaska” with the help of American journalists. Concerns were expressed regarding the political and economic benefit of the new territory and its military vulnerability. Against this background, the article describes the immediate responses of US-American newspapers to the Alaska purchase. In particular, the American press voiced hope, that the purchase of Alaska would become a prologue for the capture of nearby British territories in Canada and, on the other hand, underlined amities between Washington and Petersburg. ARCTIC; RUSSIAN COLONY IN AMERICA; ALASKA PURCHASE; PRESS IN THE USA https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.1/ 10_9-15.pdf

UNK RUS 16-26 POZHIDAEVA INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ON THE ISLAND OF SVALBARD: THE FACTS OF HISTORY AND MYTH OF FICTION (THROUGH THE PAGES OF THE BOOK BY FLØGSTAD «PYRAMID») This article analyzes a book by modern Norwegian writer H. Fløgstad "Pyramid" in the context of the history of Russian-Norwegian cooperation on the island of Spitsbergen in the late XX - early XXI century. Reflecting on the specifics of international relations, socio-political and economic projects implemented in the territory of the archipelago, Fløgstad creates a mythological picture of the world of the North, which in the same row are mining village Pyramid and ancient Egyptian pyramids, the mine and the Earth goddess Pachamama. Fløgstad analyzes and dispels the myth about the economy of socialism and of the Soviet state, a shining example of the policy of which was life in the village. The writer believes that the Russian-Norwegian cooperation in this area in the field of mining industry unpromising. H. Fløgstad described the village Pyramid as a "majestic tomb of the industrial use of the land resources", the area where, according to the eternal and universal laws of life, the northern nature triumphs over the man-made world of man, and international co-operation can only develop in the field of environmental protection and tourism. Of course, fiction is not a source of scientific information and not intended to be an objective analysis of facts and events, but it shapes the reader's consciousness is shaped by, the emotional impact on him, and consciousness, in turn, determines behavior. Given that Svalbard - the territory of strategic importance both for Russia and for Norway, the ever-increasing world interest in the Arctic zone, the formation of certain representations, including in fiction, cannot remain on the status of the presence of Russia and Norway in this region without attention. ARCTIC; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; PYRAMID; MYTH OF FICTION; SPITSBERGEN ISLAND; UTOPIA; FLØGSTAD https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.2/ 10_16-26.pdf

UNK RUS 27-38 SEMENOVA DIFFICULT FATE OF THE NORIL'SK MIRACLE The basic stages of a study, discovery and mastery of the Taimyr north in this article are briefly illuminated: from the first scientific expeditions and the separate searches of private individuals and to the creation of the valuable, complex, contemporary mining and processing production. Special attention is given to the pre-war, military and postwar time, when in the history of the region in question occurred the most important and dramatic events, which in many respects predetermined main directions and special features of the subsequent development of territory. Pre-war decade of the stormy industrialization of the country past here under the sign of the accelerated creation of the enterprises of nonferrous metallurgy on the base of the relatively middle-sized layers of the cupronickel and polymetallic ores, investigated by that time by the expeditions of A. Sotnikov, N. Urvantsev and other outstanding geologists. Similar to other impact building of the Soviet Union, Noril'sk combine was assembled with the large-scale attraction of the labor of prisoners, up to the middle 1950 yr. bulk of the workers of region. Under the severe and extreme natural climatic conditions of the Transarctic, multiplied by all difficulties of camp life, the morbidity and the mortality of prisoners were very great. Especially difficult situation occurred during the years of the war, when into Norillag mass were transferred prisoners from other regions of the country, supply rate with food and nonfood items were reduced, and delivery system along the northern seaway gave frequent failures. It is important to also consider that at the beginning of war into Norilsk was evacuated The Monchegorskiy plant “Severonickel”. Moreover its colleagues evacuated together with the families, which increased number and fraction of the civilian population of Noril'sk region. However, critical for the Yenisey north became the postwar period, when by the efforts of Soviet geologist opened the richest in the world layers Talnakh and October, together concentrating near 20% proven reserving of nickel on the entire planet. ARCTIC; TAIMYR; NORILSK; GEOLOGICAL STUDIES; NICKEL; COPPER; PLATINUM; BITUMINOUS COAL; THE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.3/ 10_27-38.pdf

UNK RUS 39-47 H-4865-2016 57193690516 0000-0001-9760-2443 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Sidorchuk Ilya chubber@yandex.ru

Polytechnicheskaya 29

THE INSTITUTE OF THE PEOPLES OF THE NORTH IN LENINGRAD IN THE CONTEXT OF THE QUESTION OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF NEW ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS IN THE 1920s. The article covers the prehistory and the prerequisites for the establishment of The Institute of the Peoples of the North in Leningrad (1930). Displays the path to its creation, in particular, the organization under the Central Executive Committee of the Committee of assistance nationalities of the North suburbs (Committee of the North) in 1924. The Determining factor in terms of training of representatives of nationalities of the North can be considered to 1925, as it was founded the workers' faculty (rabfak) of the Leningrad University began to study the first group of students from the indigenous population of the North. The following year they were transferred to the department on workers' faculty of the Leningrad Institute for Living Oriental Languages which was transformed into the faculty in 1929. In 1930 faculty was reorganized into the Institute. The author analyses the policy of the Soviet government in relation to the peoples of the North that allowed the realization this scientific project; discusses the contribution of Soviet scientists in the creation of a truly revolutionary concept of relations and the study of peoples of the North. In article estimated value of the Institute in the training of the national intelligentsia in the framework of the program of socialist construction on the Far North. THE INSTITUTE OF THE PEOPLES OF THE NORTH; HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN RUSSIA; VLADIMIR TAN-BOGORAZ; LENINGRAD UNIVERSITY https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.4/ 10_39-47.pdf

UNK RUS 48-59 SHISHELOV WAR AND PEACE AMONG INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF POLAR ALASKA IN PRE-CONTRACT PERIOD The article refers to the events of the period of Russian America. Owing to that it took place in the polar, completely unexplored, region of Alaska, any historical certificates on them is not present. The given historical reconstruction is developed by group of the American scientists in last decades ХХ century, and based on the Athabaskan and Eskimos historical legends, archival records and archaeological researches. In the beginning of XIX century, the Brooks Range and upper Kobuk, upper Noatak, upper Colville rivers were occupied by Atabaskan groups. But in the end of century these territories have already been occupied by Eskimos. Changing the ethnic picture of the region took place simultaneously by two different models interethnic communication. In one case, the overt aggression was the most influential form of contacts between groups of the Arctic and Subarctic cultures. As a result, in the mid-century Dihaii (a regional group of Gwichin Athabaskan, which inhabiting in the western Brooks Range) were almost exterminated. In other case, the contact took positive form. In the same period the local group of Koyukon Athabascan, which occuppied headwaters of Kobuk River, were in relative isolation from other Athabascan, and maintained peaceful relations with Inupiaq Eskimos. Finally, in the end of XIX century, Koyukons were fully assimilated. As a result a new cultural formation with elements of both Arctic, and Subarctic cultures formed. ESKIMOS; ATHABASKAN; CROSSCULTURAL COMMUNICATION; ETHNIC CONFLICT; EXTERMINATION; ASSIMILATION https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.5/ 10_48-59.pdf

UNK RUS 60-72 SHRADER NORWEGIAN POLAR CAPITAN OTTO SVERDRUP Otto Sverdrup (1854–1930) was a famous Norwegian polar captain. He took part in many polar sails and was a very experienced investigator. Sverdrup collaborated in polar investigations with his friend Fridtjof Nansen. In 1888–1889 he went on skies over the glacier of Greenland with Fr. Nansen. O. Sverdrup was the captain on the polar ship ”Fram” two times. 1) 1893–1896 in the Arctic ocean as the captain. The leader of the expedition was Fr. Nansen. 2) 1898–1902 Sverdrup was on the board as captain and leader of the expedition. The aim was to investigate the unknown part of Canadian archipelago in central part of the Arctic. For his valuable contribution to polar sciences O. Sverdrup was decorated with Norwegian Cross of Saint-Olaf. In the beginning of the XX-th century Sverdrup tried to find the Russian expeditions, helped two Russian hydrographical ships and was the captain on the soviet ice-breaker ”Lenin”. OTTO SVERDRUP; POLAR CAPTAIN; POLAR INVESTIGATIONS https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.6/ 10_60-72.pdf

UNK RUS 75-88 SEVASTYANOV ARCTIC TOURISM AND RECREATIONAL NATURE MANAGEMENT- A NEW VECTOR OF NORTHEN TERRITORIES DEVELOPMENT The problems and prospects of development of tourism and recreation of natural resources in the arctic region of the planet. In 1991. eight Arctic countries - Canada, Denmark (including Greenland and the Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russian Federation, Sweden and the United States adopted the Strategy for the protection of the Arctic environment (AEPS). In 1996. Ottawa Arctic countries formed the Arctic Council. Prospects for development of natural resources and conservation of the northern polar regions are formulated in the State program "Social and economic development of the Russian Arctic for the period till 2020". On the basis of this program in Russia are carried out activities aimed at the development of the Northern Sea Route, on the organization of new protected areas - national parks and reserves. Development of domestic and inbound international tourism in the polar regions of the country is an important part of the new programs for the integrated economic development of natural resources in the Arctic in order to sustainable development of the region. ARCTIC; RECREATIONAL NATURE MANAGEMENT; CRUISE TOURISM; PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; NATIONAL PARKS; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.7/ 10_75-88.pdf

UNK RUS 89-100 SOKOLOVA THE FOLK GEOGRAPHICAL TERMINOLOGY OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC OLD RESIDENTS’ PATOIS AS AN OBJECT OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE The folk geographic ARCTIC al terminology is a component of the folk geography and a significant part of the cultural (linguistic) heritage of the Russian old-resident population in the Arctic. The folk geographic terminology is considered in close connection with the geographical objects involved in the process of language nomination. For the purpose of the comprehensive study of the term and the territorial object the author applies the concept “linguotope” as a “common ground” for the language and geographical spaces. Any base object of the geospace (a drainage junction, a settlement, a sacred center, etc.), that organizes the territorial system and simultaneously acts as the core of the concentrated linguistic information, can be regarded as the basis of a linguotope. To detect linguotopes that appeared in the process of exploring the Arctic, the comparative analysis of the folk geographical terminologies, existing in the region of the lower reaches of the Northern Dvina, the Pechora, the Indigirka, is applied. Dictionaries of certain patois, multidialectal dictionaries and topographic maps served as the primary source of information. The key linguotopes for the Russian North and Arctic Siberia, where the riverside development of areas was predominant, are associated with the river valley. The pattern of the riverbed determines the localization of settlements, separate buildings, affects the geometry and the quality of the land, the organization of the space in the adjacent strip of the interfluve. Identification and exploration of linguotopes, map-creation reflecting the language images of the folk culture, are of great theoretical and practical importance. The preservation of linguistic and material components of linguotopes is not less important than the protection of typical and unique objects of nature, cultural landscapes. The system of identified linguotopes can be used for creating the ethnic-and-nature network of protected areas in the habitats of the Russian old-resident population in the Arctic. ARCTIC; FOLK GEOGRAPHIC; FOLK GEOGRAPHICAL TERMINOLOGY; CULTURAL (LINGUISTIC) HERITAGE; LINGVOTOP https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.8/ 10_89-100.pdf

UNK RUS 101-106 SHLYAMINA EIDEMILLER SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ISSUES OF THE ARCTIC ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, REFLECTED IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIAN CINEMA The revival of the Arctic problematic and the return of Russian policy in the Arctic region are reflected in the cultural life of Russian society, in its art and in cinema. Over the past 10 years, a dozen of native Russian films devoted to life of Arctic and Subarctic zones have appeared on the screen. In this article, the authors would like to highlight the most outstanding works of Russian film directors, to give them the comments and to reflect the real situation in the Arctic zone. This article discusses such iconic and well-known works of modern Russian cinema as "Leviathan" by Andrei Zvyagintsev, "The Postman's White Nights" by Andrei Konchalovsky's, "How I Ended This Summer" by Alexei Popogrebsky, "Sibir. Monamur" by Slava Ross, "The geographer drank his globe away" by Alexander Veledinsky, "The Island" by Pavel Lungin. The catastrophic failures of the Russian political thought over the past 30 years in the Arctic region are shown in these movies in the form of allegorical fiction drama. The main problem of modern Russian society - the institutionalization of corruption – is affected by this work. The other problems like the ambivalence of mysterious Russian soul`s being under the conditions of degradation of Russian northern villages and towns, the complexity of human relationships, the moral and ethical crisis; the impoverishment of the modern Russian society as well as problems of desertisation of territories are discussed in this article. RUSSIAN CINEMA; HUMANITARIAN GEOGRAPHY; SOCIO-CULTURAL SPACE; STABLE DEVELOPMENT; ARCTIC; SIBERIA; CHUKOTKA; KARELIA; ARKHANGELSK REGION; MURMANSK REGION https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.9/ 10_101-106.pdf

UNK RUS 109-120 BUGAY SPECIAL SETTLERS USSR IN DEVELOPMENT ARCTIC OCEAN (1930–1950) In the scientific message, with particular attention to the Northern territories of the USSR as the periphery of the Arctic. Describes the process of settlement of coastal regions, including such contingents of the population as special settlers, deportees. Shown their contribution in the 1940s – early 1950-ies in the development of the economic potential of the regions, various sectors of the economy, the solution to the food base of the country, creation of life conditions; disclosed forms and methods of work with the contingent of special settlers. Of course, based on the specifics of the region, special attention was paid to the status of major industry (Norilsk), as well as the fishing industry of the national economy. These tasks are subordinate to the overall implementation of the food programme of the state. In many ways, the contingent of special settlers made up the main labour force. Especially popular was their work in the North, in logging with a further supply of timber for the needs of the national economy, army and solving the problem of provision the population with fuel. Of course, that the established authorities of the regime, its maintenance was solved primarily punitive organs (NKVD, the Prosecutor's office, etc.), resettlement agencies, and worked on the defense of the country. It's all determined, and the appropriate normative-legal base of the organization of living conditions. Despite the forced nature of the labor, the settlers were enthusiastic, ahead of labour standards. Were known to many of them names. Everyday overcoming great difficulties, they organized schools for teaching children, cared for their families. The labor of the special settlers, deportees in the rear, and deserves attention and appreciation. ARCTIC; SETTLERS; RESETTLEMENT; ECONOMIC SECTOR; AUTHORITIES THE INTERACTION; OF KOREANS; SOVIET GERMANS; INGRIAN; FINNS; KALMYKS https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.10/ 10_109-120.pdf

UNK RUS 121-132 ERSHOV THE MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING THE MORAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE OF THE MILITARY UNITS AND COMMUNICATION UNITS OPERATING IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC In article on the basis of the analysis of the historical experience of the Arctic exploration, combat operations and exercises in Northern conditions analyzes the main factors affecting the morale of military units and divisions when operating in the conditions of Russia's Arctic zone. It is shown that the greatest influence on the psyche of soldiers have factors of climatic and physiographic character: low air temperatures, storms with strong winds, blinding effect of the snow cover, significant restriction of visibility (low clouds, fog, snow, rain, etc.), exposure to insects, the absence of the regular shift of the day or night, the influence of polar night on the psyche, the low permeability of the terrain, a weak protective properties of the terrain, difficulty orienting, the sparse population of the area, the possibility of meeting wild animals, instability and limited radio communications. Given the historical examples, showing the impact of these factors and ways to neutralize them. ARCTIC; ARCTIC ZONE OF RUSSIA; THE MORAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE OF MILITARY UNITS AND DIVISIONS; LOW AIR TEMPERATURES; STORMS WITH STRONG WINDS; BLINDING EFFECT OF THE SNOW COVER; SIGNIFICANT RESTRICTION OF VISIBILITY https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.11/ 10_121-132.pdf

UNK RUS 135-142 BAKIROV POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN THE ARCTIC REGION The author characterizes the Arctic region, highlights the importance of this region for such a world power as the United States, considers and analyzes the foreign policy of the United States policy in the Arctic region through such international forums as the Arctic Council, focuses on US policy in the Arctic in relation to the Russian Federation. The Arctic region in recent decades, is demonstrating rapid growth of bilateral relations. Against the background of co-operation takes place the intensification of contradictions, increasing competition between states, because the region has rich natural resources. In addition to the acute contradictions and problems is ranked the fact that partition of the Arctic territory is not officially fixed. United States of America, being an Arctic Power, in recent years have made all possible efforts to make up for missed opportunities because this region has great strategic importance. The United States is pursuing competent public policy in the Arctic region, seeking to ensure the sustainable development of the Arctic. It is also noted that the actions of the US are unilateral. Another feature is that with the end of the Cold War the United States of America has experienced the change of the activity of the policy in the region: now it includes the access to oil, gas, energy resources and economic dominance in the region. According to the National Security Presidential Directive in Arctic region, Navy Arctic Roadmap and National Strategy For The Arctic Region, The United States of America are continuing militarization of the region, which results in additional contradictions with the Russian Federation, which is trying to prevent the militarization. The imposition of sanctions against the Russian Federation plays a significant role in development of relations between the United States and the Russian Federation. ARCTIC; POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; ARCTIC COUNCIL; FOREIGN POLICY https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.12/ 10_135-142.pdf

UNK RUS 143-152 KOSOVA THE ARCTIC STRATEGY OF THE CANADIAN PRIME MINISTER JUSTIN TRUDEAU: FEATURES AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT The article is devoted to the analysis of the new Prime Minister of Canada (Justin Trudo) policies in the Arctic region. The Arctic has an important geopolitical and resource value, so that’s why Canada takes the leading role in the management of the Arctic territories in the sustainable development, in environmental protection and in cooperation with other states. The policy of the Conservative cabinet of Stephen Harper paid off in part in the relation to the North: he tried to solve the problems of the preservation of Canadian sovereignty and the development of resources of the continental shelf, the environmental safety and the welfare of the peoples of the North. However, the commitment to use force approach solving border disputes, mistrust of science in the exploration of resources, insufficient funding to northerners led to negative results. Now hope for the transformation of the Arctic into cooperation area but not enmity lies on the shoulders of the Liberal Justin Trudeau. The new Prime Minister can be successful in the Arctic policy. He is going to work closely with the Arctic Council in dealing with the environmental, political and social problems of the North. Canada is going to return status example in the field of ecology; the use of force against other States will be only in extreme cases; science is the future of the Canadian Arctic; Arctic issues need to be solved not only by the representatives of the Federal, but also by provincial, party and by indigenous peoples; Arctic should be a place for Canada, which will provide the country's prosperity, peace and stability. What exactly the Liberal politician Justin Trudeau will bring to the Arctic region is difficult to say but there is hope that the desire for peace and cooperation in the Arctic will lead to positive results. THE ARCTIC; CANADA; JUSTIN TRUDEAU; STEPHEN HARPER; POLITICS; LIBERALS; CONSERVATIVES https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.13/ 10_143-152.pdf

UNK RUS 155-166 POLETAEVA STETSYUK KHRAPUNOV THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE TIDES ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL: THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS Currently interest in sources of energy, based on conversion of natural renewable resources: sun, wind, waves has increased in the world. The article discusses examples of technological solutions converters tidal energy into electrical energy, their advantages and disadvantages. Also considers the possible negative impact of tidal power plants on biological resources. Along with the requirement of conversion of tidal energy efficiency there is the question about the turbines security in relation to fish. According to the results of the analysis of the currently existing projects to use tidal energy and converting it into electrical concluded that the obtaining of clean energy requires careful consideration of technical solutions of devices by improving the technology of tidal energy generators to increase their efficiency, determine the geographic location of tidal power stations with the assessment of effects on marine mammals and fish, and review the work of the tidal power stations in the power grid, having sufficient capacity of power stations of other types. ECOLOGY; TIDAL POWER; ARCTIC SHELF; SAFETY https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.14/ 10_155-166.pdf

UNK RUS 167-178 KHAKNAZAROV GEOENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF UGRA IN THE SECTION OF PUBLIC OPINION: ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE NEFTEYUGANSK REGION OF UGRA It is well-known that anthropogenous impact on surrounding environment causes the necessity of the researches focused on identification and estimation of regional changes. The enterprises of fuel and energy complex and processing industry, are the main sources of pollution of surrounding environment (atmospheric air, the water basin and the land plots) of Ugra. In the conditions of Far North and the areas equated to them to districts, environment at influence of an industrial complex, especially in the resursdobyvayushchikh, difficult gives in to restoration. Boundless and uncontrolled growth of consumption of mineral raw materials without ecological restrictions and development of perfect technology can bring in the near future to global ecological crisis. Are the main reasons for pollution of atmospheric air: industrial emissions from the enterprises, combustion of associated oil gas on torches, evaporation of easy fractions of hydrocarbons from a surface of emergency oil spills, sludge depots, oil storage tanks, and also exhaust gases of motor transport. Need of the accounting of public opinion when planning and using natural resources, and also adoptions of administrative decisions is noted in a number of acts of federal and regional level, including in the Law "About Environmental Assessment". In article are generalized dynamics of views of residents of the Nefteyugansk region of Ugra of geoenvironmental problems of the region. Are considered also a question of the factors influencing health of the population. A health issue of indigenous people of the North in modern conditions I was and remains actual in modern conditions. In particular results of the sociological researches conducted in the territory of the Nefteyugansk region of Ugra in 2007-2008 and 2012-2015 are considered. ECOLOGICAL SITUATION; NATURAL RESOURCES; INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT; RESPONDENTS; INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF THE NORTH; EXPERTS; HEALTH; FACTORS; POPULATION https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.15/ 10_167-178.pdf

UNK RUS 179-188 SHCHITINSKY TERRITORIAL ASPECTS OF NATURE PROTECTION FOR OBJECTS OF FUEL AND ENERGY AND RAW MATERIALS COMPLEX OF THE ARCTIC In the period from 1984 to 1988, the Institute "Lengiprogor", we developed two major projects: “the Territorial complex scheme of nature protection on the slopes the construction of gas pipelines in Western Siberia and the far North” and "Territorial complex scheme of nature protection of the West Siberian oil and gas complex". These unique in scale and the problems of work revealed the way complex decisions complex environmental and social problems that arose in the course of accelerated development of the West Siberian oil and gas complex. These objects were not only a powerful factor in the development of regional economy, creation of new settlement systems, transport communications, construction industry, engineering and social infrastructure, but at the same time provided in the process of construction and operation the strongest negative impact on the environment, the living conditions of the indigenous population. Currently, due to changes in economic and socio-political situation in the country, a new state policy in the field of development of the North and the Arctic, the transformation of the whole productive structure ZSNGK, social processes taking place in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, and also in connection with new legislative and regulatory requirements in the field of environmental protection and urban planning, it is necessary to develop new projects on contemporary legislative, methodological, legal, organizational and technological base. It is proposed to develop a "Scheme of territorial planning of areas of intensive development of fuel-energy and raw materials complex in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection". The structure and content of this work needs to rely on documents defining the state policy in the field of sustainable development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and meet the requirements of the town planning code of the Russian Federation. ARCTIC; THE WEST SIBERIAN OIL AND GAS COMPLEX; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TERRITORIAL COMPLEX SCHEME OF NATURE PROTECTION; THE STATE POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE ARCTIC; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; MACRO-REGION https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.16/ 10_179-188.pdf

UNK RUS 191-200 DMITRIEVA MIZUN INNOVATION INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCTIC ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: KEY APPROACHES AND TRENDS The basis of the modern Russian economy current development is its transition from resource-oriented to innovative type. Innovative development of various economic agents at different levels has been the object of scientific research for a long time. However, despite the presence of a large number of researches on this issue, the innovative development of Russia as a whole and the Arctic zone in particular requires significant changes, which determines the need for such research. In view of the actuality of this direction, the Paper is devoted to problem of innovation infrastructure development in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The necessity of development of innovation infrastructure as a fundamental part of the innovation process is substantiated. The characteristic of the main areas of innovation infrastructure is given. It includes the following functional areas: technological sphere, finance, information and consulting sphere, human resources and marketing. The condition of the innovation infrastructure of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation for each of functional areas is described. It was noted that the best developed area in the Arctic region is a technological sphere. However, in spite of existence of a sufficient number of technology parks and innovation centers there is a lack of financial institutions and marketing structures, which leads to an imbalance in the innovation infrastructure. Also, the main approaches to the development of innovation infrastructure are analyzed. It is proved that the model of «technology demand» should be used for the development of innovation infrastructure of the Arctic zone. It means that the end-consumer is one who defines the purpose of research or creation of technologies, not a researcher. This model will allow strengthening the competitiveness of Russian innovative technologies and products in the market, as well as contribute to the effective development of innovative infrastructure. ARCTIC ZONE; INNOVATIONS; THE ARCTIC REGION; INNOVATION INFRASTRUCTURE; INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.17/ 10_191-200.pdf

UNK RUS 201-211 EVDOKIMOVA INFLUENCE OF CHANGE OF THE WORLD OIL PRICES ON EXTRACTION OF HYDROCARBONS OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC SHELF Today, Russian Federation takes the second place on oil and gas production after the United States of America. In 2015, 534.1 million tons of oil were extracted in our country (including gas condensate), which is 1.5% higher than production in 2014. At the same time there is a reduction in gas production: it was produced 635.3 billion cubic meters, which is 1% less in 2015 than in 2014. Large reserves of hydrocarbonic raw material are concentrated on the Russian Arctic shelf. Recoverable oil reserves amount to 447 million tons, and gas - 10.1 trillion cubic meters. According to forecasts of experts, more than 90% of all Russian gas and 10% of oil are extracted in the Arctic. However, on the way to "gold of the Arctic," raises a number of issues that are the subject of this work. The article looks at the impact of world’s oil price changes, imposed sanctions against Russia, and the influence of climatic factors on the production in the Arctic. The main objective of the work is carry out an assessment of influence of sharp falling of oil’s prices at the beginning of 2016. For achievement of the purpose it is necessary to solve the following problems: to study history of development of hydrocarbons’ production on the Arctic shelf of Russia, to analyse current state of the oil’s market in a condition of falling of the world prices for hydrocarbons, to establish the falling reasons. Alternative options of further development of oil and gas branch on the Arctic shelf will be considered. ARCTIC; OIL; PRIRAZLOMNOYE; SANCTIONS https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.18/ 10_201-211.pdf

UNK RUS 212-220 KARAICHEV THE PERSPECTIVES OF GAS HEDRATE DEPOSIT RECOVERY The paper analyses the perspectives of gas hydrate recovery and technologies for arctic region. The limitation of traditional energy sources force humanity to find new sources. Great potential from this point of view has a gas hydrate, which is a frozen compound, formed when water and gas molecules combine at high pressure and low temperature. Proven reserves of hydrates are in several times more than conventional gas. That is why in nearest future gas hydrates could be the important energy source. For the first time it was got in laboratory conditions in 1800. It's research was started in the same time. At first nobody even suspected that hydrates could form in the natural environment. But in 1930 technogenic gas hydrates which could block the flows of transported gas were found in pipelines. It led to new research, which were focused on the warning of hydrates formation in a process of a gas transportation. Then, in 1960, the development of Messoyakhskoye field in Siberia which allowed to discover new hydrates was started. And in 1970 it has already found on Alaska`s fields and on The Black sea. Now the results which were got from gas hydrates research are considered to be potentially new and the most important thing – it became to be the source of energy. Since 1990 the programs of gas hydrates exploration and production have been appearing in the world. USA, Japan, Canada has tested gas hydrate recovery methods and work at new methods. Nowadays there three main recovery technology – depressurization, heat injection, inhibitor injection. The important factor for technology is existing of free water or free gas layer. But the main role for perspective evaluation has economical factors. Gas from hydrate deposit is not the cheapest in a market. However, in the nearest future the situation can change and the humanity will turn to this new source of energy. ARCTIC; GAS HYDRATE; GAS HYDRATE RECOVERY TECHNOLOGIES https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.19/ 10_212-220.pdf

UNK RUS 221-228 LEIBINSKY YATSYK PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARCTIC ON EXAMPLE OF THE MURMANSK REGION The article deals with the prospects and problems of development in the Arctic and the Murmansk region as part of the Arctic zone. It provided a number of systemic problems in the North of the Russian Federation, such as the weak diversification of the economy, a significant dependence of the economy on the situation on the world market, a large migratory population losses of the North, the low level and the quality of life, lack of infrastructure improvement as compared to the situation nationwide. However, the resources of the region are considered: demographic, raw, military-strategic, transport, cultural, scientific and other. In close coordination with the geo-strategic and economic interests of the Russian state considers development zone of the Arctic and the Murmansk region as a part of it. This - the expansion of the resource base, maintaining the necessary combat potential of the factions of the Russian Federation Armed Forces in the region, the preservation of the natural environment, ensuring an adequate level of basic and applied research, improving the quality of life of the population of the Arctic areas. Resulting in the conclusion that the potential of the region is essential for the development of the Arctic zone, and the latter is necessary for intensive (as opposed to the current extensive) development of the region, the occurrence of the Murmansk region in the Arctic zone should lead to increase of investment attractiveness of the region, optimization of intergovernmental relations and development program-target planning of economic development of the region. THE ARCTIC; THE MURMANSK REGION; DEVELOPMENT; RESOURCES https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.20/ 10_221-228.pdf

UNK RUS 229-236 LUCHNIKOVA NECESSITY OF DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF NEW METHODS FOR OIL PRODUCTION IN THE ARCTIC The article is devoted to research the most innovative oil production methods in the Arctic. The first deposit of hydrocarbons were discovered in Arctic in the area of the river Chubyu in 1930. Even then the researchers faced the problems of extraction and transportation of black gold. Hydrocarbon reserves in the northern regions are colossal, according to the International Energy Agency the oil production in the Arctic amounts 90 billion barrels per year, on the deep shelf it amounts almost twice – 160 billion barrels per year. The need to develop and evaluate new methods of oil production is associated with the price fall of oil on the world market. In the Arctic the cost price of oil is between 40$- 100$ per barrel, what makes oil production in these areas uneconomic. On the deep shelf cost price is even higher about 70$-100$ per barrel. So, the main aim of this research is to descry the innovative ways of oil production, and also the development of alternative proposals aimed on cost of oil reduction. During this scientific article was carried out a detailed analysis of the situation on the oil field market in the Arctic, which allowed to review and compare the existing and alternative methods of oil production in the Arctic. It was set a task of evaluating mining prospects by applying new developments. The research allowed draw conclusions that all tasks were carried out. First, it has been identified shortcomings of existing methods of oil production, as well as analysis advanced methods that would reduce the cost of oil production due to a decrease in transportation costs. The source of cost reduction was the optimization of the process of delivery of oil due the abolition of the logistic unit as a tanker. Second, the assumption has been proven that innovative oil production methods make it possible not only to improve working conditions, but also increase the level of environmental safety in the study region , this factor is very important because in recent years the environmental safety requirements were tightened. Thirdly, it is proved that the project is a cost-effective, as it will allow to increase the volume of oil production in difficult climatic conditions. ARCTIC; PETROLEUM-PRODUCTION; OIL; DRILLING RIG; OIL PLATFORMS; IMPORT SUBSTITUTION https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.21/ 10_229-236.pdf

UNK RUS 237-247 SEROVA THE INVESTMENT POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC REGIONS Tasks of the Russian Federation socio-economic development in the context of macroeconomic crisis exacerbates issues of economic modernization and investment processes. However, due to significant climatic, social, economic and institutional differences between individual areas of our country, the problem of regulation of investment processes are extremely complex. Due to the fact that the possibilities of Russian regions to attract are not the same resources, identify regional features of the investment policy is an essential component of the formation of the whole economic policy. The article describes the features of the formation and implementation of the investment policy in the regions of Russia (for example, the Federation, members of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation). The role of the regions in the Arctic zone of the Russian economy, discussed perspective directions of investment development at the present stage and proposed measures to improve the investment policy, taking into account the specifics of the development of the Arctic territories. Methodical research tools include a systematic approach and system analysis (summary, comparison, systematization) methods. The study results are expressed in concrete and practical recommendations and can be used by governments to improve the regional investment policy, to identify possible institutional changes to enhance the investment process and increase the investment attractiveness of the Arctic regions. REGIONS; THE ARCTIC ZONE; REGIONAL INVESTMENT POLICY; INVESTMENT PROJECT; RESOURCES https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.22/ 10_237-247.pdf

UNK RUS 248-258 SOLOVYOVA THE STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY «EUROCHEM » IN CURRENT CONDITIONS The article is devoted to the analysis of the directions of strategic development of the company "EuroChem". The company is one of the key players in the fertilizer market, its assets are located in Russia and in other countries. Development of the Company is carried out in different directions and market segments. The strategic importance of "EuroChem" represents the Arctic region, as there are such significant for the company's assets as "Kovdorsky GOK", "Severneft – Urengoy", cargo-handling terminal "Murmansk". For further development and improvement of the company the effective implementation of the diversification strategy in the potash industry must be done. In 2017, the company plans to put into operation two potash projects, which guarantees the effective development of the company's leading position in the market and a significant increase in competitiveness. However, the modern market situation is unstable. Despite the increase in global consumption of potash fertilizer prices remain relatively low. Demand for potash on the part of local farmers is also relatively low. It is important to note a number of features and potash, preventing entry of new players into the market, which include high capital intensity, long payback period, a significant degree of dependence on the current market conditions. Evaluation of potash projects Company "EuroChem" is relevant considering the ambiguous market situation in which it needs to look for the most effective market entry strategy, the most profitable way of further development. COMPANY "EUROCHEM"; THE MARKET OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS; STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT; POTASH PROJECTS; EVALUATION OF ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.23/ 10_248-258.pdf

UNK RUS 259-266 USTINOV KACHENOVSKAYA MARINE TRANSPORT VESSELS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GAS FIELDS OF THE ARCTIC This article describes the main LNG projects in the Arctic and transport ships for the transportation of gas. Consumption of liquefied natural gas is growing every year. Russia has an advantageous geographical location, especially for the export of liquefied natural gas. This fact makes the prospective Arctic oil and gas fields. But this is not always possible. To cope with harsh climatic conditions account for many years to develop the technical means, capable of operating in the Arctic region. Vessels to transport LNG are among the most complex among the transport ships. They become even more difficult when we are talking about the operation in harsh climatic conditions such as the Arctic. Russia and other shipbuilding countries have quite a lot of experience in the design and operation of ships ice navigation. But the first Arctic LNG carrier to be built this year alone, though the commercial operation of the ships began in the late 60-ies of XX century. This is due to several factors, primarily the difficulty of the arrangement of gas deposits in the Arctic circle. Russia has long been trying to develop its gas fields in the Arctic. The first major project – the Shtokman field was suspended because of a failure of implementation. Yamal LNG is the only project which has been launched into operation. Thanks to him we will perfect the transport system of LNG carriers specialized in heavy ice conditions. The LNG carriers for this project include a cargo storage system membrane type (GTT), one of the two major types of LNG carriers (second spherical, Moss). At the moment there is no clear understanding which of the two systems suitable for Arctic operations. LNG; ARCTIC; GAS CARRIERS https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.24/ 10_259-266.pdf

UNK RUS 267-274 FEDOTOVSKIKH EXPANDING THE RANGE OF REGULATORY AND LEGAL SUPPORT FOR THE CIRCUMPOLAR CIVILIZATION IN TERMS OF DEVELOPMENT ARCTIC ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Russian legislation, which regulating the livelihoods of the peoples of the circumpolar civilization requires extensions and additions. Help representatives of the peoples of the circumpolar civilization is often carried out on the residual principle due to their small size and low degree of participation in social processes. Preserving the traditional way of life, economy and culture of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East is possible only when the legal support of the federal state. However, in Russia there are many gaps in the ethnic legislation, despite the fact that in recent years adopted the basic documents on the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. To solve the problem requires a serious and joint work of the authorities and local government, business, the leading work on the development of subsurface resources, and public organizations. The foreign experience redress the peoples of the circumpolar civilization can find many examples of support both from the government and from large companies doing business in the polar latitudes. Only the modernization of ethnic legislation will eliminate gaps, inconsistencies and allow to include in the legal framework a number of modern trends of development of the Russian Arctic. In 2016 a number of amendments would be considered on the agenda of the State Commission for the development of the Arctic, the Russian Federation Council and the Coordination Council of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs on the development of the Northern Territories and the Arctic. New regulations will contribute to the sustainable development of the Arctic and the improvement of quality of life. Special rights accruing to the indigenous peoples of the North, is not necessary to separate them from the other peoples living in Russia, and to a minimum to preserve their way of life. ARCTIC LEGISLATION; CIRCUMPOLAR CIVILIZATION; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARCTIC INDIGENOUS; PEOPLES OF THE NORTH https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.25/ 10_267-274.pdf

UNK RUS 278-284 AGAFONCHIKOVA 0000-0001-7492-356X Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University Tsyb Alexey tsyb_av@spbstu.ru

Saint Petersburg, Russia

SEPARATISM AND REGIONALISMS OF SPAIN Authors investigate a question of essence and forms of separation processes in Spain, their historical reasons and features in the modern period, the declaration and practice of the separatist political movements in this country. Relevance of a subject seems that the problem doesn't manage to be resolved as both supporters of separatism, and supporters of integrity of the state have a legal basis for the claims. HISTORY OF SPAIN; SPANISH SEPARATISM; GALICIA; BASQUE COUNTRY; CATALONIA; HISPANICIZATION; FUERO https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.26/ 10_278-284.pdf

UNK RUS 285-289 ANDREEVA THE PROBLEM OF DETERMINATION OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE CASPIAN SEA: VIEW OF IRAN The article analyzes the position of Iran on the issue of delimitation of the Caspian Sea. The absence of the Convention Caspian Sea leads to a considerable number of disagreements between the Caspian states. Removing sanctions against Iran significantly changed and strengthened Iran's policy in the region. Monitoring of Iranian media allows to understand the attitude of the governance to the problems of the Caspian region. THE CASPIAN SEA; THE CASPIAN REGION; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; IRAN; AZERBAIJAN https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.27/ 10_285-289.pdf

UNK RUS 290-298 Atnashev XENOPHOBIA AND RIGHT-EXTREMISM ISSUES IN THE MODERN EUROPE The article considers peculiarities of right-extremism and its threat to the modern Europe. Xenophobia and migrantophoby, along with discrepant policies of ruling parties, often lead to extremism and violence. The ultra-right extremism is also closely linked to migrantophoby and racial hatred. These are not new phenomena but can be traced back through history, including Germany, France and Austria. Umberto Eco’s features of Eternal Fascism are also perfect for characterizing “European New Order” and modern ultras. Far-right activity in Germany and Austria is mainly analyzed. Finally, the author touchs upon the issue of Euroscepticism and Brexit. EXTREMISM; FAR-RIGHT; MIGRANTOPHOBY; FASCISM; INTOLERANCE; DISCRIMINATION; REFUGEES; NATION; EUROSCEPTICISM; BREXIT https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.28/ 10_290-298.pdf

UNK RUS 299-306 Atnashev PROBLEMS OF NATIONALISM AND SITUATION CHAMS OF CHINA, CAMBODIA AND THAILAND In article nationalism questions in host countries in relation to chams, one of the most ancient indigenous people of East Indochina are considered. After final destruction of the chamsky state (Kingdom of Champa) the majority of chams have appeared in emigration, including in Cambodia, Thailand and China. The first wave of emigration of chams is connected with the island of Hainan. The greatest difficulties with their integration have arisen in Cambodia where chama have even undergone genocide at regime of "Red Khmers" (1975-1979). NATIONALISM; IDENTITY; CHAMS; KHMERS; MALAYS; ISLAM; BUDDHISM; MINORITY; DISCRIMINATION; SILK https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.29/ 10_299-306.pdf

UNK RUS 307-309 0000-0003-2315-1138 Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University Wang Juntao juntao2013@yandex.ru

Saint Petersburg, Russia

NATIONAL QUESTION: ATTITUDE OF HAN ETHNIC GROUP AND MANCHURIAN ETHNIC GROUP IN THE WORKS PF LIANG QICHAO The article examines the views of Liang Qichao on the national question. The main attention is paid to the study of his position on the relationship and Hans Manzhura. It concludes: from the perspective of a sociological definition of the nation, the Manchus have dissolved among Han Chinese. LIANG QICHAO; THE NATION; THE NATIONAL QUESTION; MANCHURIA; HAN; NATIONAL OPPRESSION https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.30/ 10_307-309.pdf

UNK RUS 310-316 GALIEVA TIMOSCHUK GREAT VICTORY AS A FACTOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN MODERN GEOPOLITICAL CONDITIONS Presented paper is devoted to the study of one of the burning issues of contemporary intercultural-legal communications related to the understanding of the essence of rights and liberty. The article elaborates on up-to-date issues of international relations. The material is accompanied by examples of judicial practice. Political background of international law is discussed as well. INTERNATIONAL LAW; GLOBAL STUDIES; GEOPOLITICS; ECHR; NEO-FASCISM https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.31/ 10_310-316.pdf

UNK RUS 317-322 DEMIDOV LEGAL MYTHOLOGIZING THE PHENOMENON OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS In the article author attempts to review the phenomenon of transnational corporations in terms of the reality of its existence in the international law. The author suggests that in today's post-modern world, some phenomenon’s mythologised, including in the legal space. POSTMODERNISM; MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS; NATION-STATE; THE LEGAL MYTHOLOGIZING https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.32/ 10_317-322.pdf

UNK RUS 323-329 DUNAEVA THE NATIONAL PROJECT "EDUCATION" IN RUSSIA AS A RESPONSE TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE MODERN ERA The main objective of modernization of Russian education - the willingness and ability of graduates to be responsible for an innovative and socially oriented development of the country. Federal Target Programme for the Development of Education of the Russian Government on the 2016 - 2020 years, is aimed at creating a modern, meeting the requirements of the time, has a high rating in the world of higher education. THE NATIONAL PROJECT "EDUCATION"; DISTANCE LEARNING; PERSONAL PORTFOLIO; DIGITAL MEDIA; MULTIMEDIA DIALOGUE https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.33/ 10_323-329.pdf

UNK RUS 330-334 EFIMOVA HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MODERN WORLD: INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEGAL ASPECTS OF ENFORCEMENT The article is devoted to human rights considered on the international level, international law and the national law enforcement aspects. The author considers monitoring human rights mechanisms both in the UN system and in various regional structures, as well as the principle of universality of human rights. INTERNATIONAL LAW; HUMAN RIGHTS; MONITORING MECHANISMS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; THE UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.34/ 10_330-334.pdf

UNK RUS 335-348 Kirilenko ALEXEEV PROBLEM OF REALIZATION OF PEOPLE'S SOVEREIGNTY INTEGRATION ASSOCIATIONS OF THE STATES The inevitability of international integration requires special measures for the protection of national interests and new approaches to the extrapolation of the political influence of Russia in the integration processes that are underway in the modern world. It is extremely difficult to oppose the threats to national security and the challenges of the global economy by states alone, in today's world order. International integration significantly affects the implementation of state sovereignty. Post-industrial society urgently needed effective legal norms capable of ensuring justice in the inevitable progress of international integration. The development, adoption and application of such standards is entirely on the States – participants of integration processes. INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION; INTEGRATION LAW; SOVEREIGNTY https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.35/ 10_335-348.pdf

UNK RUS 349-357 KOVALEV THE PREVENTION OF ARMED (MILITARY) CONFLICT WITH THE MECHANISMS AND TOOLS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS The relevance of this article is, first of all, that the existing and emerging at this stage of conflict have affected a large number of countries and regions. A particular danger of this process is the active factor in the application of various forms of terrorism as a means of influencing the opponent and the formation of large masses of illegal armed formations. The purpose of this article is to try to awareness of the principles and mechanisms of armed conflict and war, and to examine the methods and tools to prevent them. WAR; MILITARY CONFLICTS; PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND NATIONAL SECURITY https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.36/ 10_349-357.pdf

UNK RUS 358-366 0000-0002-9848-0035 Saint Petersburg State University Konovalova-Alkhimenkova Kseniya k.konovalova@spbu.ru

Saint Petersburg, Russia

LEGAL CULTURE AS A FACTOR OF CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS This article discusses the impact of the legal culture on the contemporary system of international relations. An analysis of the impact is proposed on three levels - the level of individual, state, and global international system as such. For each level theoretical generalizations and actual examples from today’s international life are provided. LAW; SPIRITUAL CULTURE LEGAL CULTURE; SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; INDIVIDUAL; NATION-STATE; LEGAL BEHAVIOR https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.37/ 10_358-366.pdf

UNK RUS 367-376 LEPESHKINA A WORLDWIDE TENDENCY TO ABOLITION OF THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT AND RUSSIA Presently there is an established tendency observed worldwide to repudiation of capital punishment, which shows the adherence of many states to basic, humanistic principles. By the end of 2013 108 from 198 states have abolished the death penalty de jure. The problem of the institute of capital punishment in contemporary Russia is conditioned by formation of jural state with official recognition of priority of human rights. Life imprisonment is an adequate alternative to capital punishment. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT; DEATH PENALTY; RIGHT TO LIVE; LIFE IMPRISONMENT; RUSSIA https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.38/ 10_367-376.pdf

UNK RUS 377-380 RAZBEYKO MINSK AGREEMENT ON UKRAINE – EXAMPLE OF REVOLUTIONARY INTERNATIONAL HOUSE This article highlights some of the international aspects of devolution in England, Scotland and Ukraine. Minsk agreements are an example of the policy of "active" international mediation in the devolution process in Ukraine, as well as the Dayton Peace Agreement on Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Belfast Agreement. DEVOLUTION; THE POLICY OF "ACTIVE" INTERNATIONAL MEDIATION; MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.39/ 10_377-380.pdf

UNK RUS 381-387 RIABOVA PRESS, PUBLIC OPINION AND AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY The purpose of the article is to view public opinion as the factor that reflects the diversity of International processes and contributes to the shaping of foreign policy. The facts that examine the impact of public opinion on the solution of international problems are given. The role of information space as a founder and manipulator of public opinion is pointed out. PUBLIC OPINION; MASS MEDIA; FOREIGN POLICY; IMPACT; SHAPING; MANIPULATION https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.40/ 10_381-387.pdf

UNK RUS 388-392 CHIMAROV THE QUESTION OF IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL ELECTORAL STANDARDS IN THE NATIONAL LEGISLATION OF GERMANY: THE EXAMPLE OF ELECTRONIC VOTING TECHNOLOGY The article examines the problem of origin and normative consolidation of new e-voting technology in the electoral legislation of Germany. The author focuses on the features of taking into account the world experience of e-voting in German electoral practices. Analyzing the technical usage of NEDAP voting counting machines, the author reveals the limits of the problem area arising in the field of transparency of the voting process and the reliability of the election results. RELIABILITY OF THE ELECTION RESULTS; NEW VOTING TECHNOLOGIES; TRANSPARENCY OF THE VOTING PROCESS; VOTING COUNTING MACHINE; ELECTRONIC VOTING https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.41/ 10_388-392.pdf

UNK RUS 393-398 SHIPILOV LEGAL REGIME OF BOUNDARY SPACE AND NATIONAL SECURITY OF RUSSIA IN NEW CONDITIONS The article conducts a theoretical legal analysis of national security Strategy of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2015. The author consider the adjusted notion of national security, the system of national security, and other conceptual foundations of the new strategy. Pays special attention to the concept of the legal regime of the border space and national security in the border space. BORDER AREA OF THE STATE; NATIONAL SECURITY; LEGAL REGIME; NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY; BORDER AREA; LAND AND SEA TERRITORY; STATE BORDER; SOVEREIGNTY THE CONCEPT OF SAFETY IN BOUNDARY SPHERE; INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL THREATS https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.42/ 10_393-398.pdf

UNK RUS 401-407 DIANOVA THE PRESIDENCY OF YUAN SHIKAI (1912-1916): QUESTIONS OF HISTORIOGRAPHY The article discusses the period of Yuan Shikai`s presidency and its assessment in Russian and Western historiography. Analyzes new approaches in modern sources regarding domestic and foreign policy, as well as the personality of Yuan Shikai. Particular attention is paid to overcoming the negative characteristics of Yuan Shikai, as the leader and the president of the Republic of China. It revealed the need for further study of the biography of this military and political leader. REPUBLIC OF CHINA; YUAN SHIKAI; THE IMPERIALIST POWERS; THE RESTORATION OF THE MONARCHY; A DICTATORSHIP https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.43/ 10_401-407.pdf

UNK RUS 408-418 Shenzhen University LI THE CURRENT SITUATION AND PROSPECTS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION AND THE SILK ROAD The article discusses the current situation of the interaction of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Silk Road, the prospects of economic integration between Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan, also examines the historical development of relations between these countries. It is noted that the Eurasian economic integration becomes more productive and mutually beneficial by participation of China. EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION; SILK ROAD; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; EURASIANISM; INTEGRATION; ECONOMIC COOPERATION https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.44/ 10_408-418.pdf

UNK RUS 419-470 Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University LETI Yagya talie2006@mai.ru PARLIAMENTARY DIPLOMACY IN RUSSIAN-KOREAN COOPERATION Cooperation between parliaments of Russia and the Republic of Korea has been going on for over twenty five years. Interparliamentary contacts are very important components of interstate diplomacy. Regional parliamentarians and municipal counties play active role too. The paper drawn on the report, delivered by the author in the second political-economic forum in context of Forum ‘Dialogue Russia-Republic of Coria’, June 14, 2016. PARLIAMENTARY DIPLOMACY; NATIONAL AND REGIONAL PARLIAMENTARIES; RUSSIA; REPUBLIC OF KOREA; LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF THE CITY OF SAINT-PETERSBURG; SISTER CITIES; CITY-PARTNER https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.45/ 10_419-470.pdf

UNK RUS 471-482 Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University LETI Yagya talie2006@mai.ru FEATURES AND RESULTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TWELFTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (20112015 YEARS) IN CHINA This article is devoted to investigation such aspects of China’s twelfth five year plan, as stimulation of the home demand, home consumption, restructuring industry, energy modernization, ecology, military and industrial modernization, rise in living standards, etc. This article gives great attention to some results of this plan. Some progress in economical and research and technology sphere, infrastructure development, innovation activity, ecology, social sphere are marked. PLANNING; A FIVE-YEAR PLAN; ECONOMY; TWELFTH FIVE YEAR PLAN; GDP; RESTRUCTURING INDUSTRY; RISE IN LIVING STANDARDS https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.46/ 10_471-482.pdf

UNK RUS 485-493 ARISTOVA 0000-0001-7492-356X Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University Tsyb Alexey tsyb_av@spbstu.ru

Saint Petersburg, Russia

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE CINEMA OF SPAIN Article gives definitions of the most important periods in development of the Spanish cinema, does a research of works of the leading Spanish cinematographers, esthetic features of the most famous Spanish movies, historical specifics of formation of the Spanish cinema. CULTURE OF SPAIN; CINEMA; ESTHETICS OF THE SPANISH CINEMA; LUÍS BUÑUEL; JOSÉ ANTONIO NIEVES CONDÉ; ALEJANDRO AMENABAR; PEDRO ALMODOVAR https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.47/ 10_485-493.pdf

UNK RUS 494-502 BEZLEPKIN POSITIVISTIC PROGRAM OF PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY AT THE RUSSIAN UNIVERSITIES BETWEEN THE 19-20TH CENTURIES Influence of positivistic philosophy and methodology on development of domestic university historical science, history philosophy at a boundary of the 19-20th centuries is covered in article. Identity of creative search of the Russian historians which hasn't gone on the way of mechanical loan of the positivistic ideas, and has developed own realistic program of development of domestic historical science, her realization in the Russian universities is noted. POSITIVISM IN RUSSIA; THE HISTORIOGRAPHY; HISTORY PHILOSOPHY; THE HISTORIOSOPHY https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.48/ 10_494-502.pdf

UNK RUS 503-509 KALININA FAR NORTH IN THE VIEWS OF THE MEDIEVAL ARAB GEOGRAPHERS The аrticle is devoted to analysis of medieval Arab geographers of the extreme North of the Earth. Geography and astronomy quickly developed in the Arab Caliphate. The population of the Arabian Peninsula, and later some subject peoples used a lunar calendar, and they must have known, when Crescent moon appear in the sky after the new moon. The large role for Muslims was played by need of definition time of prayers in any country, and also the direction to Mecca facing which followers of Islam had to make daily fivefold prayers. Geographical knowledge was also necessary for quick and to effective protection of borders, taxation, data on post and trade roads. The Caliphate had included the countries with advanced culture, so the Arab scientists used their achievements. The antique heritage, in particular, Claudius Ptolemaeus's works (2nd century A.D.) used special attention. Geographers and astronomers of the Caliphate collected and studied information on different parts of Earth, including on Far North, being guided by theoretical data of Ptolemaeus and other antique experts. The Arab scientists didn’t use the term "Arctic", however paid considerable attention to own representations on these areas. Such terms as "North", "Pole star", "Big Dipper", "Capricorn" were used. All data show existence of real knowledge of the Arab scientists of the North Pole: arrangement of stars, frosts and strong cold winds, snow open spaces. FAR NORTH OF EARTH; MEDIEVAL ARAB GEOGRAPHERS; ANTIQUE TRADITION; REAL KNOWLEDGE https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.49/ 10_503-509.pdf

UNK RUS 510-525 KAPTEN RECEPTIONS OF THE IDEAS OF MAXIMUS THE CONFESSOR IN EAST AND WESTERN THEOLOGY This article is devoted to the reception Maximus the Confessor’s ideas in Byzantine and Western Christian tradition. The author insists on the long time rehabilitation of his ideas, condemned for heresy by Monothelites, that lasted more than several centuries. The system of philosophical and theological thought proposed by Maxim became highly required in iconoclasm disputes and in the subsequent debate in the times of Comnenus and Palaeologuse. In the West, the main of his followers became John Scotus Erigena, but through his conviction in the XIII century, inherited from the Eastern Christian thinkers, include Maximus’s, ideas were shaken. BYZANTIUM; PATRISTICS; MAXIMUS THE CONFESSOR; ANTIORIGENIZM; ICONOCLASM; PALAMISM https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.50/ 10_510-525.pdf

UNK RUS 526-533 Myuller FIRST TRANSLATORS OF FINLAND OF THE XVI–XIX CENTURIES The article is devoted to the development and establishment of the Finnish language in Finland. Analyzed giving its status as the state language of the country. The activity of the first translation into Finnish Mikael Agricola, Carl Gustav Borg, Franz Ferdinand and Alma Antti Jalava. The basis of their translation activities are text translation of legal documents and the formation of the legislative style of the Finnish language. FINNISH LANGUAGE; FINLAND; LEGISLATIVE DOCUMENTS; TRANSLATORS; OFFICIAL-BUSINESS LANGUAGE; MIKAEL AGRICOLA; CARL GUSTOV BORG; FRANZ FERDINAND AND ALMA ANTTI JALAVA https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.51/ 10_526-533.pdf

UNK RUS 534-541 OSIPOV THE MORAL AND LEGAL IDEAL BY P.I. NOVGORODTSEV In the article analyses the conception of the prominent Russian legal philosopher for ХХ century P.I. Novgorodtsev. It is shown that dialectics of national and universal in understanding right, that consisted in the synthesis of right and moral, justice and legality, exposure of spiritual grounds of right, is shown in his views. In the article also determined principles of humanistic right in his conception. RIGHT; LAW; MAN; JUSTICE; FREEDOM; CULTURE https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.52/ 10_534-541.pdf

UNK RUS 542-553 0009-0003-3047-8400 Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University Pavlova Olga pavlova_ok@spbstu.ru

Saint Petersburg, Russia

PHILOSOPHY OF MENTALITY AND MOTIVATION OF PHILANTHROPY OF RUSSIAN MERCHANTS The article deals with the historical aspects of philosophy connected with shaping the mindset of Russian merchants, tendencies and special features typical for this time. The outstanding role of church, moral and religious upbringing, the role of the state in shaping the mindset of the merchant class is marked. The motivational aspects of the merchant class charitable activity linked with their mindset and considered as a part of Russian entrepreneurship are emphasized. RUSSIA; PHILOSOPHY; MERCHANTS; MINDSET; STATE; CHURCH; GEOPOLITICS; MOTIVATION; PHILANTROPY https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.53/ 10_542-553.pdf

UNK RUS 554-571 KHANIN KHANINA SPECIAL ASPECTS OF LIFESTYLE FORMATION IN THE FRAMEWORK OF MASS CONSUMPTION SOCIETY (PART I) In the first part of the article authors describe the phenomenon of lifestyle management in the modern world. Authors analyze general approaches to definition of the term, as well as factors that affect its formation under the influence of modern values. LIFESTYLE MANAGEMENT; BRAND; MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS; GLOBALIZATION; MASS CULTURE; VALUES https://russiaglobal.spbstu.ru/article/2017.10.54/ 10_554-571.pdf