The study is aimed at presenting the characteristics of the issue of influence and prospects of relations between China and Kazakhstan within the framework of the concept of "One Belt – One Road". The author examined the history of the emergence and development of the Silk Road project, presented the structural elements of the One Belt – One Road concept and the prospects for its development, and proposed an assessment of the impact of the transnational economic belt on the economy of Kazakhstan. When solving the tasks set, the following methods are used in the work: historical analysis, comparative analysis, and methods of analysis and synthesis.  In the course of the study, to reveal the problems and prospects for the development of the concept of "One Belt – One Road". The conducted studies provide up-to-date data and analysis of the specific economic and social consequences of the implementation of the initiative in Kazakhstan in combination with other geopolitical projects and strategies in the region, characterize the legal and institutional framework associated with the implementation of the initiative, and also focus on the impact of the initiative on sustainable development and the environment in the region of Western and Central Asia. Research contributes to a deeper understanding of the impact and contributes to the development of strategic recommendations for the development of the economy of Kazakhstan.